Advances in research definitions of child maltreatment

“Future research also should examine maltreatment parameters over and above maltreatment versus nonmaltreatment status (Manly, 2005).”

“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment ~Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995!.”

“However, difficulties remain in reaching a consensus on the definition of child maltreatment and sexual abuse (Manly, 2005), in part because it is determined by cultural and community standards (Bradley & Lindsay, 1987).”

“Thus, including children with alleged maltreatment should result in more generalizable findings (Manly, 2005).”

“In a commentary on the advances in measurement of child maltreatment, Manly (2005) noted that, “because of the high frequency of multiple subtype co-occurrence, research on maltreatment requires a well-conceptualized and empirically sound rationale for handling comorbidity to prevent it from…”

“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS records detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”

“Manly (2005) suggests that the developmental period during which maltreatment first occurs provides an indication of how early in the child’s development parent-child dysfunction occurred.”

“This finding provides a contextual demonstration of the problem of unsound constructs compromising reliability and validity in general [33,34], and of the ongoing challenge to this field to adopt sound constructs of maltreatment and sound behaviourallyspecific examples of these constructs [99].”

“…it has been argued that families who come to the attention of the child welfare authorities represent only the most severe end of the continuum of child maltreatment (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Manly, 2005), and it is often concluded that the actual child maltreatment rate exceeds official estimates.”

“…that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment (Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Manly, Cicchetti, & Barnett, 1994; Manly et al., 2001; Smith & Thornberry, 1995; Stouthamer-Loeber, Loeber, Homish, & West, 2001).”

“Several researchers highlight the need for more explicit descriptions of maltreatment in research studies (e.g., Manly, 2005).”

“In recent years, researchers, clinicians, and policy makers have worked to define maltreatment more precisely (Manly, 2005).”

“Previous studies indicate that the MCS is both reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment subtypes (e.g., Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Manly, 2005).”

“The MCS has demonstrated reliability and validity in classifying maltreatment in a number of studies (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1988; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2001; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“Adequate reliability has been obtained (weighted ks ¼ 0.86–0.98; Manly, 2005; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2001).”

“However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the findings regarding the potential impact that other maltreatment characteristics such as the severity of maltreatment have on developmental outcomes (Clemmons et al., 2007; Macfie et al., 1999; Manly, 2005).”

“Thus, including children with alleged maltreatment should result in more generalizable findings (Manly 2005).”

“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS records detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”

“As for outcomes, we focused particularly on physical abuse minding that different forms of abuse tend to cooccur (Jones et al. 2008; Oates and Bross 1995; Manly 2005).”

“…using the measurement model method as well, which helps to capture the complexity of maltreatment in a single latent variable which accounts for the shared commonality (Gabrielli et al., 2017; Manly, 2005), there was still an insignificant association between maltreatment and placement stability.”

“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment (Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS records detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”

“Though the MCS relies exclusively on previously reported incidents, benefits of using archival recorded data include availability of data without additional burden to families, the presence of information about younger children who cannot self-report, and the reduction inmemory biases for past events (Manly, 2005).”

“…using the Barnett, Manly, and Cicchetti (1993) Maltreatment Classification System (MCS), which captures detailed information from CPS records by obtaining systematic data from the narrative and investigation determinations contained in DHS records, rather than relying on CPS labels (Manly, 2005).”

“…to fully understand the causes and consequences of maltreatment, it is necessary to move beyond a focus on type and begin to approach maltreatment as a multidimensional construct that can be conceptualized across several dimensions including type, severity, frequency, and chronicity (Manly, 2005).”

“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment (see Manly, 2005).”

“Whilst this assumption may be contested (Manly, 2005), the pressure on the front line is to ‘gate-keep’ services via an understanding of severity and of whether that harm is likely to continue (Platt, Page 12 of 19 Dendy Platt and Danielle Turney”

“physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse, emotional neglect and sexual abuse [8-10], and the emotional types of maltreatment seem to have similar detrimental health effects as sexual and physical abuse [11], the emotional forms of maltreatment have commonly been excluded from large-scale representative survey…”

“…amplified using the Repli-g kit (Qiagen, Catalogue aN ¼ 229 with available information. bComorbidity of maltreatment types is relatively common (Manly, 2005). cThe duration of maltreatment was the number of developmental periods with documented maltreatment (out of six possible periods:…”

“The MCS has demonstrated reliability and validity in classifying maltreatment in a number of studies (Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“The MCS has demonstrated reliability and validity in classifying maltreatment in a number of studies (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005, English et al., 2005, Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“The MCS has demonstrated reliability and validity in maltreatment classification in numerous studies (see, e.g., Bolger et al., 1998; Manly, 2005).”

“This comorbidity of maltreatment subtypes is typical in previous literature examining developmental sequelae of maltreatment (Manly, 2005).”

“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Supersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz, Pitts, Litrownik, Cox, Runyan, & Black, 2005; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“Adequate reliability has been obtained (weighted k¼ 0.86–0.98; Manly, 2005; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2001).”

“As is typical in maltreated populations (Manly, 2005), the majority of children had experienced multiple subtypes of maltreatment.”

“In line with the difficulties in defining child maltreatment and the possibility to rely on various assessment modalities (Cicchetti and Toth, 2005; Manly, 2005), studies generally differed widely in their child maltreatment assessment and grouping approaches.”

“Measures used to assess the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences should use consistent concepts about the types of child maltreatment and the same stands for their definitions (39).”

“for classifying child maltreatment typology (Bolger et al., 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS”

“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS records detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”

“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment (Bolger et al., 1998; Dubowitz, Pitts, Litrownik, Cox, Runyan, & Black, 2005; English, Upadhyaya, Litrownik, Marshall, Runyan, Graham, et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“Histories of maltreatment were coded using the Barnett, Manly, and Cicchetti (1993) Maltreatment Classification System, which captures detailed information from CPS records by obtaining systematic data from the narrative and investigation determinations contained in DHS records, rather than relying on CPS labels (Manl…”

“Adequate reliability has been obtained (weighted ks ¼ 0.86–0.98; Manly, 2005).”

“We first examined maltreatment as defined by allegations, which could be considered controversial (Manly, 2005).”

“That is, the MCS categorizes a child as maltreated or nonmaltreated, but also addresses nuanced differences in regard to aspects such as the type and number of subtypes experienced (i.e., emotional abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and physical abuse; Manly, 2005).”

“Researchers define maltreatment differently across studies (Manly, 2005).”

“The MCS has demonstrated strong reliability and validity in classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English et al., 2005, Manly, 2005; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“…problem of technical imprecision in violence research (Hamby, 2014), and to ensure accurate measurement of prevalence by avoiding overestimates and underestimates produced by definitions of maltreatment that are either unjustifiably wide or narrow (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993; Manly, 2005).”

“However, informant studies tend to face problems of underestimation of prevalence, since formally recorded cases represent only the most severe cases of CSA (Manly, 2005).”

“The MCS is a reliable and valid coding system (e.g., Manly, 2005; Manly et al., 2013) that differentiates between a comprehensive set of maltreatment subtypes by providing mutually exclusive subtype criteria and anchor examples.”

“Adequate reliability has been obtained (weighted ks ¼ 0.86–0.98; Manly, 2005).”

“…operate in the same way, and there is a strong developmental and relational aspect to any definition, where the definition depends in part on the age of the child and the parent’s understanding the developmental needs of the child differentially (Hildyard and Wolfe 2002; Howe 2005; Manly 2005).”

“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid in classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005).”

“Because of the difficulties posed by operationalizing the definition of interpersonal violence events given by other authors (e.g., Manly, 2005), the items from the TLEQ were selected to maximize the replicability of our findings.”

“Research into maltreatment has been criticized for lacking methodological rigor, imprecise de fi nitions, and inadequate measurement strategies (Manly, 2005), issues that have been linked to its complexity and de fi nitional challenges (Gershater-Molko et al., 2003).”

“Utilizing the well-validated MCS (e.g., Bolger et al., 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English, Bangdiwala, & Runyan, 2005; Manly, 2005; Manly et al., 1994), coders classified children’s maltreatment experiences according to subtype(s).”

“The MCS is the gold standard assessment of maltreatment, and its reliability and validity has been established (e.g., Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005; Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2001; Smith & Thornberry, 1995).”

“One of the main barriers to doing research in the field of child maltreatment is the lack of standardization and agreement regarding the definition of key concepts (Manly 2005).”

“Additionally, herein, we define child maltreatment as the presence of one or more of the following: physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, medical neglect, inadequate supervision, emotional abuse and neglect (Manly, 2005).”

“Second, some studies fail to account for the fact that most youth experience multiple types of maltreatment (Herrenkohl & Herrenkohl, 2009; Manly, 2005).”

“A complex prognostic procedure taking into account multiple risk factors, such as developmental timing, severity, subtype, and additional dimensions of maltreatment has to be undertaken by child protective workers (Manly, 2005).”

“In response to calls for more comprehensive measurement of maltreatment across its various dimensions (Manly, 2005), the present study seeks to test whether a coherent latent construct of maltreatment can be attained in a sample of youth in foster care while also accounting for various maltreatment…”

“Researchers’ effort has generated considerable advances, including some definitional systems that seem to fit the bill (see a review by Manly, 2005).”

“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment (Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS records, detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”

“Furthermore, the use of such a priori data may not allow for a comprehensive conceptualization as CPS systems tend to conceptualize child neglect unidimensionally, either from the perspective of the child or the deficient caregiver but not both (Manly, 2005; Slack, Holl, Altenbernd, McDaniel, & Stevens, 2003; Stoltenb…”

“Child maltreatment is a complex phenomenon, which may not be accurately represented by a simple dichotomous status (Manly, 2005).”

“Manly (2005) highlighted the importance of assessing severity and multiple aspects of timing (e.g., duration, time of onset, time periods without abuse), as well as abuse subtypes.”

“It was created as a modification of the Maltreatment Classification System (MCS; Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993), which was developed to help promote definitional clarity regarding research definitions of child maltreatment (Manly, 2005).”

“A broader literature emphasizes the cumulative risk associated with exposure to multiple forms of childhood abuse or maladaptive parenting practices (Manly et al., 2001; Manly, 2005).”

“However, considering the severity of each subtype of maltreatment further increases its power in predicting child outcomes (Manly, 2005).”

“PM often co-occurs with other forms of maltreatment, but can also occur on its own (Manly, 2005; Vachon, Krueger, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2015).”

“The examination of specific impacts of developmental timing of CPA is particularly necessary due to researchers’ increasing recognition of diverse childhood experiences and the dynamic nature of maltreatment episodes (Manly, 2005).”

“These findings suggest the need for work that considers the severity and chronicity of maltreatment experiences in addition to assessing subtypes (Manly, 2005).”