Cited by 269Child Abuse and TraumaIntimate Partner and Family ViolenceAdolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health

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Associations between childhood adversity and depression, substance abuse and HIV and HSV2 incident infections in rural South African youth

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Jewkes, Rachel K., Dunkle, Kristin, Nduna, Mzikazi, Jama, P. Nwabisa, Puren, Adrian·2010·Child Abuse & Neglect

DOI 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.05.002PMC PMC2981623

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Abstract

Objectives To describe prevalence of childhood experiences of adversity in rural South African youth and their associations with health outcomes.Methods We analyzed questionnaires and blood specimens collected during a baseline survey for a cluster randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention, and also tested blood HIV and herpes simplex type 2 virus at 12- and 24-month follow up; 1,367 male and 1,415 female volunteers were recruited from 70 rural villages.Results Both women and men before 18 had experienced physical punishment (89.3% and 94.4%), physical hardship (65.8% and 46.8%), emotional abuse (54.7% and 56.4%), emotional neglect (41.6% and 39.6%), and sexual abuse (39.1% and 16.7%). Incident HIV infections were more common in women who experienced emotional abuse (IRR 1.96, 95% CI 1.25, 3.06, p=.003), sexual abuse (IRR 1.66 95% CI 1.04, 2.63, p=.03), and physical punishment (IRR 2.13 95% CI 1.04, 4.37, p=.04). Emotional neglect in women was associated with depression (aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.15, 2.88, p=.01), suicidality (aOR 5.07, 95% CI 2.07, 12.45, p<.0001), alcohol abuse (aOR 2.17, 95% CI .99, 4.72, p=.05), and incident HSV2 infections (IRR 1.62, 95% CI 1.01, 2.59, p=.04). In men emotional neglect was associated with depression (aOR 3.41, 95% CI 1.87, 6.20, p<.0001) and drug use (aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.37, 2.88, p<.0001). Sexual abuse was associated with alcohol abuse in men (aOR 3.68, 95% CI 2.00, 6.77, p<.0001) and depression (aOR 2.16, 95% CI 1.34, 3.48, p=.002) and alcohol abuse in women (aOR 3.94, 95% CI 1.90, 8.17, p<.0001).Practice implications Childhood exposure to adversity is very common and influences the health of women and men. All forms of adversity, emotional, physical and sexual, enhance the risk of adverse health outcomes in men and women. Prevention of child abuse need to be included as part of the HIV prevention agenda in sub-Saharan Africa. Interventions are needed to prevent emotional, sexual, and physical abuse and responses from health and social systems in Africa to psychologically support exposed children must be strengthened.

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Self-citation
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Rape survivors in South Africa: analysis of the baseline socio-demographic and health characteristics of a rape cohort
Abrahams, N., Mhlongo, S., Chirwa, E. D., Lombard, C. J., Dunkle, K., Seedat, S., Kengne, A. P., MYERS, B. J., Peer, N., Garcia‐Moreno, C., et al. (2020) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2020.1834769 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
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Mngoma, N. F., & Ayonrinde, O. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221114252 · Cited by 21
“For example, a study of youth in a rural South African community showed that exposure to adverse childhood experiences is common; and that these experiences, including emotional abuse and emotional neglect, were associated with greater odds of reporting depression and suicidality, in males (Jewkes et al., 2010) and ot…”
Background
A Strengths-Based Group Intervention for Women Who Experienced Child Sexual Abuse
Walker-Williams, H. J., & Fouché, A. (2015) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731515581627 · Cited by 29
“…sexual maladjustment (such as high-risk sexual behavior), and interpersonal problems (such as, poor self-esteem, difficulty in trusting others, and a tendency toward revictimization); (Cutajar et al., 2010; Hillberg, Hamilton-Giachritsis, & Dixon, 2011; Jewkes et al., 2010, Maniglio, 2013).”
Background
Adverse childhood experiences, sexual debut and HIV testing among adolescents in a low-income high HIV-prevalence context
Kidman, R., & Kohler, H. (2019) · AIDS (London) · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002352 · Cited by 18
Childhood exposure to emotional abuse and later life stress among Kenyan women: a mediation analysis of cross-sectional data
Goodman, M. L., Gutarra, C., Billingsley, K., Keiser, P. H., & Gitari, S. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1271876 · Cited by 21
“Few studies consider emotional abuse in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, and even fewer that seek to establish associations between childhood exposure to emotional abuse and later life mental health (Jewkes et al., 2010).”
Background
Parenting and discipline in post-conflict Sierra Leone
Zuilkowski, S. S., Thulin, E. J., McLean, K. E., Rogers, T. M., Akinsulure‐Smith, A. M., & Betancourt, T. S. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104138 · Cited by 20
Intimate Partner Violence, Depression, and Anxiety Are Associated With Higher Perceived Stress Among Both Young Men and Women in Soweto and Durban, South Africa
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One size does not fit all: Psychometric properties of the Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ) among adolescents and young adults in Zimbabwe
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Rural Crime from A Global Perspective
Weisheit, R. A. (2016) · International Journal of Rural Criminology · doi:10.18061/1811/78047 · Cited by 18
Estimating the changing burden of disease attributable to interpersonal violence in South Africa for 2000, 2006 and 2012
Prinsloo, M., Machisa, M., Kassanjee, R., Ward, C. L., Neethling, I., Artz, L., Jewkes, R. K., Abrahams, N., Wyk, V. P., Matzopoulos, R., et al. (2022) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2022.v112i8b.16512 · Cited by 17
“For child sexual abuse and HIV/AIDS in female victims, we used RRs from Jewkes et al.[46] (IRR 1.”
MethodSelf-citation
Parenting-related positive childhood experiences, adverse childhood experiences, and mental health—Four sub-Saharan African countries
Seya, M. K. S., Matthews, S., Zhu, L., Brown, C., Lefevre, A., Agathis, N. T., Chiang, L. F., Annor, F., McOwen, J., Augusto, Â. D. R., et al. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106493 · Cited by 20
Mediation effects of problem drinking and marijuana use on HIV sexual risk behaviors among childhood sexually abused South African heterosexual men
Icard, L. D., Jemmott, J. B., Teitelman, A. M., O’Leary, A., & Heeren, G. A. (2013) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.08.002 · Cited by 18
“Studies of adults’ reports of CSA have primarily focused on women (Dickson, Herbison, & Paul, 2009; Spiegel, 2003). he limited studies of CSA among men have tended to focus on gay and bisexual men (Jewkes et al., 2010; Purcell, Malow, olezal, & Carballo-Dieguez, 2004; Spiegel, 2003).”
Associations between neurocognitive functioning and social and occupational resilience among South African women exposed to childhood trauma
Denckla, C. A., Consedine, N. S., Spies, G., Cherner, M., Henderson, D. C., Koenen, K. C., & Seedat, S. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1394146 · Cited by 18
Determinants of intergenerational sexual relationships and HIV risk among South African women outpatients in Gauteng
McCloskey, L. A., Eloff, I., & Doran, K. A. (2020) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2020.1823311 · Cited by 19
“…teenage girls are at heightened risk for sexually transmitted infections including HIV (Gregson et al., 2005), and in South Africa a history of child abuse is associated with transactional sex and intimate partner violence (Gibbs et al., 2018) as well as HIV in adulthood (Jewkes et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResult
Examining the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 among young urban South African women
Hart, C., Draper, C. E., Soepnel, L. M., Godongwana, M., Mabetha, K., Nyati, L. H., Crouch, S. H., & Norris, S. A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.145 · Cited by 17
“Women have been shown to have a higher risk of probable depression compared to men (Craig et al., 2022; Jewkes et al., 2010), with nearly one in every five women reporting moderate to severe levels of anxiety (Mkhwanazi and Gibbs, 2021).”
The prevalence of emotional abuse in children living in Sub-Saharan Africa – A systematic review
Kurtz, M., Kawka, H., Horstick, O., Brenner, S., Deckert, A., Louis, V. R., Winkler, V. F., Wilson, M. L., Bärnighausen, T., & Dambach, P. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106155 · Cited by 16
A prospective study on adverse childhood experiences and HIV-related risk among adolescents in Malawi
Kidman, R. C., Breton, E., Behrman, J. R., & Kohler, H. (2022) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003377 · Cited by 16
“The lone longitudinal study found that emotional, physical, and sexual abuse were each associated with HIV incidence in young South African women (15–26 years), though not in young men [20].”
Background
Factors Contributing to Intimate Partner Violence among Men in Kerala, India
Jin, X., Doukas, A. M., Beiting, M., & Viksman, A. (2014) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-014-9623-4 · Cited by 16
“Abused children are more likely to struggle with depression (Comijs et al. 2013; Weiss et al. 1999) and alcohol abuse (Jewkes et al. 2008; Felitti et al. 1998) as adults.”
Background
Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in patients with a major depressive disorder: A comparative study between France and Togo
Kounou, K. B., Foli, A. A. D., Djassoa, G. C., Amétépé, L. K., Rieu, J., Mathur, A., Biyong, I., & Schmitt, L. (2015) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461515572001 · Cited by 16
Psychological abuse, substance abuse distress, dissatisfaction with friendships, and incident psychiatric problems
Sheikh, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.03.001 · Cited by 16
Associations between depressive symptoms, socio-economic factors, traumatic exposure and recent intimate partner violence experiences among women in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study
Machisa, M., & Shamu, S. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01796-w · Cited by 21
Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Alcohol Consumption Patterns Among Kenyan Mothers
Goodman, M. L., Grouls, A., Chen, C. X., Keiser, P. H., & Gitari, S. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1245748 · Cited by 14
“The confluence of evidence in the present data and a few other studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa (Jewkes et al., 2010) with established findings in high-income settings underscore the need for a global surveillance of childhood adversities to reduce childhood determinants of ill-health and ill-health behaviors a…”
ResultInfluential
Suicide behaviour among adolescents in a high HIV prevalence region of western Kenya: A mixed-methods study
Zietz, S., Iritani, B. J., Otieno, F. A., Ongili, B. O., Odongo, F. S., Rennie, S., & Luseno, W. K. (2020) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1782964 · Cited by 16
“…sexual abuse, loneliness, depression, lower quality of life, illicit drug use, low socio-economic status, and having more lifetime sexual partners (Cluver et al., 2015; Jewkes et al., 2010; Jina et al., 2012; Makame et al., 2002; Musyimi et al., 2017; Ng et al., 2015; Wilson & Dunlavy, 2012).”
Background
What works to prevent violence against women and girls? State of the field of violence against women and girls: What do we know and what are the knowledge gaps?
Heise, L., & Fulu, E. (2014) · Cited by 15
Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation among adolescents living with HIV in Southwestern Nigeria, West Africa
Adeyemo, S., Olorunkoya, O. G., Chinelo, O. L., Babalola, G., & Abojei, C. O. (2019) · HIV & AIDS Review · doi:10.5114/hivar.2019.85949 · Cited by 14
“Presence of either physical or emotional abuse has been linked with a higher rate of suicidal behavior among adolescents living with HIV [34].”
Background
Associations between adverse childhood experiences and adverse health outcomes among adolescents in Bangkok, Thailand
Thepthien, B., & Htike, M. (2020) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2020.1832403 · Cited by 12
“A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Jewkes et al found that 57% of participants across all studies reported at least one ACE, and 13% reported at least four (Jewkes et al., 2010).”
Method
Association of serum bisphenol AF concentration with depressive symptoms in adolescents: A nested case–control study in China
Zhang, C., Zhou, L., Wu, X., Guan, T.-Y., Zou, X.-M., Chen, C., Yuan, M., Li, Y., Wang, S., Tao, F., et al. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113734 · Cited by 15
“It Has Changed”: Understanding Change in a Parenting Program in South Africa
Doubt, J., Bray, R. M., Loening-Voysey, H., Cluver, L. D., Byrne, J., Nzima, D., King, B., Shenderovich, Y., Steinert, J., & Medley, S. (2017) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2017.10.021 · Cited by 14
The Associations of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence with Hypertension in South African Women
Nguyen, K. A., Abrahams, N., Jewkes, R. K., Mhlongo, S., Seedat, S., MYERS, B. J., Lombard, C. J., García‐Moreno, C., Chirwa, E. D., Kengne, A. P., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074026 · Cited by 13
“Childhood abuse (CA) was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short-Form (CTQ-SF) scale [25,26].”
MethodSelf-citation
Identification of differential item functioning by race and ethnicity in the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
Rodriguez, V. J., Shaffer, A. E., Are, F. G., Madden, A. R., Jones, D. L., & Kumar, M. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104030 · Cited by 13
The role of social support in the association between childhood trauma and depression among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals
Rodriguez, V. J., Butts, S. A., Mandell, L. N., Weiss, S. M., Kumar, M., & Jones, D. L. (2018) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462418793736 · Cited by 14
Prohibitionist Drug Policy in South Africa—Reasons and Effects
Scheibe, A. P., Shelly, S., & Versfeld, A. (2020) · International development policy/Revue internationale de politique de développement · doi:10.4000/poldev.4007 · Cited by 15
“The high prevalence of childhood adversity among South African youth increases the likelihood of developing substance use problems and mental illness, as well as hiv infection (Jewkes et al., 2010).”
Background
Long-Term Impact of Childhood Adversity on the Gut Microbiome of Nursing Students
Kazemian, N., Zhou, T., Chalasani, N., Narayan, A., Laurent, J. G. C., Alvarez, H. A. O., & Pakpour, S. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21010068 · Cited by 12
“ACE exposure has been associated with various health issues in adulthood, including cardiovascular disease [1,8], diabetes [1], cancer [9,10], depression [11,12], obesity, irritable bowel disease (IBD) [13], sexually transmitted infections [11,14], and premature mortality in adulthood [15].”
Background
The Complex Etiology and Lasting Consequences of Child Maltreatment
Etter, D. J., & Rickert, V. I. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.010 · Cited by 12
Not everyone can afford an apple a day: stigma and food insecurity in rural South African young adults
Fielding-Miller, R. K., Dunkle, K., & Murdock, D. (2015) · African Journal of AIDS Research · doi:10.2989/16085906.2015.1123162 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Association between adverse childhood experiences and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zheng, L., Liu, P., Li, X., Yan, S., Qiu, Y., Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, L., & Li, G. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116275 · Cited by 11
“…more likely to develop internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression) and externalizing (e.g., substance abuse, social difficulties, aggression, promiscuity) behaviors due to impairments in social, emotional, and cognitive systems (Jewkes et al., 2010; Hou-tepen et al., 2020; Hays-Grudo et al., 2021).”
Approaches for measuring cumulative childhood adversity: A study of youth from 5 sub-Saharan African countries
Gilbert, L. K., Matthews, S., Dube, S. R., & Annor, F. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106542 · Cited by 11
“This pattern has been observed and reported by other studies of youth in sub-Saharan Africa (Jewkes et al., 2010; Mathur et al., 2018; Richter et al., 2014).”
ResultInfluential
Gender violence in and around schools : time to get to zero : perspectives
Bhana, D. (2013) · African Safety Promotion A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention · Cited by 11
Testing and testing positive: childhood adversities and later life HIV status among Kenyan women and their partners
Goodman, M. L., Raimer-Goodman, L. A., Chen, C. X., Grouls, A., Gitari, S., & Keiser, P. (2017) · Journal of public health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdw135 · Cited by 9
Prevalence and Predictors of Adverse Childhood Experiences among Youths in Rural communities of Oyo State, South-west, Nigeria
Salawu, M. M., & Owoaje, E. (2020) · Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care · doi:10.4314/jcmphc.v32i2.3 · Cited by 10
Depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms two years post-rape and the role of early counselling: Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation (RICE) study
Mhlongo, S., Seedat, S., Jewkes, R. K., MYERS, B. J., Chirwa, E., Nöthling, J., Lombard, C. J., Peer, N., Kengne, A. P., Garcia‐Moreno, C., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2237364 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Overview of child sexual and substance abuse among children in Ethiopia
Gebremedhin, K. B., Takele, M., Haye, T. B., Kitaw, L., & Uqubay, N. (2020) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_272_20 · Cited by 10
Rural-origin health professional students’ perceptions of a support programme offered by Umthombo Youth Development Foundation
Gumede, D. M., Ross, A. J., Campbell, L. M., & MacGregor, R. G. (2017) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1212 · Cited by 10
Hypertension and Its Associated Mental Health Challenges Among Female African Refugees in Durban, South Africa
Munezero, T., & Tomita, A. M. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001387 · Cited by 10
“A similar South African estimate was reported (Jewkes et al., 2010), where 89.3% of South African women have experienced certain type of adverse child experiences, such as physical punishment, before the age of 18 years.”
BackgroundInfluential
Symptoms of post-traumatic stress and associations with sexual behaviour and PrEP preferences among young people in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe
Webb, E. L., Dietrich, J. J., Ssemata, A. S., Nematadzira, T., Hornschuh, S., Kakande, A., Tshabalala, G., Muhumuza, R., Mutonyi, G., Atujuna, M., et al. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07430-2 · Cited by 8
“Among young people in SSA, there is some, albeit inconclusive, evidence that common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and prior exposure to trauma including trauma due to sexual violence, may increase HIV-risk behaviours [13, 14] and HIV acquisition [15], and reduce HIV treatment adherence and outcomes…”
Background
Why Men Rape: Perspectives From Incarcerated Rapists in a KwaZulu-Natal Prison, South Africa
Ngubane, L. B., Nöthling, J., Moletsane, R., Wilkinson, A., & Qulu, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805289 · Cited by 12
“The results related to childhood trauma and averse events support the findings of several prior studies that report a strong link between difficult childhood experiences and rape perpetration (Bendall, 2010; Jewkes et al., 2010; De Bellis and Zisk, 2014).”
Result
Sexual Risk Behaviours among Young People with Adverse Childhood Experiences in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Kehinde, O., Ilesanmi, O. S., & Matthew, A. (2012) · Cited by 9
Adverse childhood experiences and adult cardiometabolic risk factors and disease outcomes: Cross-sectional, population-based study of adults in rural Uganda
Kim, A. W., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., North, C. M., Satinsky, E. N., Perkins, J. M., Ayebare, P., Kiconco, A., Namara, E. B., Bangsberg, D. R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.11.04035 · Cited by 9
Gender Norms, Masculine Gender-Role Strain, and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Men in Rural South Africa
Gottert, A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/j8b4-0f60 · Cited by 9
Measurement invariance of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire by gender, poverty level, and HIV status
Rodriguez, V. J., Radusky, P. D., Kumar, M., Nemeroff, C. B., & Jones, D. L. (2018) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2018.10.002 · Cited by 8
Childhood neglect and its implications for physical health, neurobiology and development—A scoping review of the literature
Jackson, A. L., Frederico, M., Cleak, H., & Perry, B. D. (2022) · Developmental Child Welfare · doi:10.1177/25161032221088042 · Cited by 10
“For example, Jewkes et al. (2010) found emotional neglect increased the likelihood of women contracting an STD but not men.”
Background
Caregiver preferences for physically harsh discipline of children in rural Uganda
Satinsky, E. N., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., Rasmussen, J. D., Ashaba, S., Perkins, J. M., Ahereza, P., Ayebare, P., Kim, A. W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00536-4 · Cited by 8
“Prior studies have found associations between physical punishment during childhood and poor economic (Henry et al. 2018), behavioral (Afifi et al. 2019), and health outcomes (Felitti et al. 1998; Hughes et al. 2017; Jewkes et al. 2010; Kessler et al. 2010) during adulthood.”
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress partially mediate the relationship between gender-based violence and alcohol misuse among South African women
Nguyen, K. A., MYERS, B. J., Abrahams, N., Jewkes, R. K., Mhlongo, S., Seedat, S., Lombard, C. J., García‐Moreno, C., Chirwa, E. D., Kengne, A. P., et al. (2023) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-023-00549-8 · Cited by 9
“Gender-based violence (GBV) exposures Childhood maltreatment (CM): History of exposure to sexual, physical and emotional abuse/maltreatment, as well as parental neglect before 18 years of age was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF) scale [37, 38].”
MethodResultSelf-citation
A GROUP INTERVENTION PROGRAMME FOR ADULT SURVIVORS OF CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE
Fouché, A., & Walker-Williams, H. J. (2016) · Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk · doi:10.15270/52-4-529 · Cited by 8
Child abuse and psychopathy: Interplay, gender differences and biological correlates
di Giacomo, E., Santorelli, M., Pessina, R., Rucco, D., Placenti, V., Aliberti, F., Colmegna, F., & Clerici, M. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1167 · Cited by 8
Beyond Viral Suppression—The Impact of Cumulative Violence on Health-Related Quality of Life Among a Cohort of Virally Suppressed Patients
Harris, R. M., Hall, C. D. X., Mills, J. C., Pence, B. W., Bagneris, J. R., & Wong, F. Y. (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003099 · Cited by 8
Rates and Covariates of Recent Sexual and Physical Violence Against HIV-Infected Outpatient Drinkers in Western Kenya
Papas, R. K., Gakinya, B. N., Mwaniki, M. M., Lee, H., Kiarie, S. W., Martino, S., Loxley, M. P., Keter, A., Klein, D. A., Sidle, J. E., et al. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1684-y · Cited by 8
“4% men had experienced physical punishment at home during childhood [5].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Childhood Maltreatment and Suicide Risk Behaviors Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV in Zimbabwe
Chipalo, E., & Odii, I. O. (2025) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-025-00168-1 · Cited by 7
“An estimated 2.1 million adolescents and young adults in sub-Saharan Africa are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Gillespie et al., 2019).”
Influential
The effect of childhood trauma, ApoE genotype and HIV-1 viral protein R variants on change in cognitive performance
Womersley, J. S., Clauss, L. B., Varathan, O., Engelbrecht, S., Hemmings, S. M. J., Seedat, S., & Spies, G. (2019) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4869-9 · Cited by 7
Pathways to adverse pregnancy outcomes: exploring the mediating role of intimate partner violence and depression: results from a South African rape cohort study
Abrahams, N., Chirwa, E. D., Mhlongo, S., Seedat, S., MYERS, B. J., Peer, N., Kengne, A. P., Garcia‐Moreno, C., Lombard, C. J., & Jewkes, R. K. (2023) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-023-01312-5 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Prevalence and Correlates of Substance Use Among Youth Living with HIV in Fishing Communities in Uganda
Brathwaite, R., Mutumba, M., Nannono, S., Ssewamala, F. M., Filiatreau, L. M., & Namatovu, P. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04339-6 · Cited by 7
Gender in South Africa
Kirkwood, D. (2018) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/30025 · Cited by 7
Childhood trauma interacts with ApoE to influence neurocognitive function in women living with HIV
Womersley, J. S., Spies, G., Seedat, S., & Hemmings, S. M. J. (2018) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-018-0700-y · Cited by 7
“This high proportion of women with childhood trauma is in keeping with previously published reports in South Africans (Jewkes et al. 2010; Gibbs et al. 2018; Womersley et al. 2018), including the results of a community-based study by Meinck et al. (2016), which found that 68.9% of the 3515 children…”
Influential
Effects of Gender-Based Violence Towards Young Females: The Case of Vhufuli Village in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province-South Africa
Thobejane, T. D. (2019) · Journal of Reviews on Global Economics · doi:10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.06 · Cited by 7
Sentinel events predicting later unwanted sex among girls: A national survey in Haiti, 2012
Sumner, S. A., Marcelin, L. H., Cela, T., Mercy, J. A., Lea, V. A., Kress, H. C., & Hillis, S. D. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.015 · Cited by 7
Association between Abusive and Non-abusive Adverse Childhood Experiences and Diagnosis of Cancer in Wisconsin, USA
Brown, M., & Cohen, S. (2014) · Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education · doi:10.4172/2161-0711.s2-008 · Cited by 10
Drug Policies and Development
Buxton, J., Chinery-Hesse, M., & Tinasti, K. (2020) · Brill | Nijhoff eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004440494 · Cited by 8
Association between Childhood Trauma, Mental Health Symptoms and Adherence Among Youth Living with HIV in Botswana
Molebatsi, K., Ntlantsana, V., Brooks, M. J., & Seloilwe, E. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00658-x · Cited by 6
Dimensions of the KidCope and their associations with mental health outcomes in Tanzanian adolescent orphans
Cherewick, M., Bertomen, S., Njau, P., Leiferman, J., & Dahl, R. E. (2023) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2023.2288883 · Cited by 6
“Orphans in sub-Saharan Africa face a variety of adverse experiences including neglect, maltreatment, and stigmatization that have lasting e ﬀ ects on their mental health and wellbeing (Hermenau et al., 2015).”
Influential
Early adversity and sexual diversity: the importance of self-reported and neurobiological sexual reward sensitivity
Alley, J. C., McDonnell, A. S., & Diamond, L. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58389-w · Cited by 7
Which groups are most affected by sexual violence? A disaggregated analysis by sex, age, and HIV-status of adolescents living in South Africa
Langwenya, N., Toska, E., Stöckl, H., & Cluver, L. D. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105981 · Cited by 6
Relations of Childhood Trauma and Emotional Dysregulation with Suicide Ideation and Suicidal Behaviour Severity in a Clinical Sample of Depressive Female Adolescents
Ocakoğlu, B. K., Kafalı, H. Y., Ocakoğlu, F. T., Kardaş, B., Kardaş, Ö., Işık, A., Demir, G. M., Akpınar, S., Karakaya, S. E. K., Balca, Y., et al. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v18i4.13631 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, frequent exposures to childhood neglect was strongly associated with SB compared to rare exposures to neglect (51).”
Background
Correlates of Lifetime Trauma Exposure Among Pregnant Women from Cape Town, South Africa
MYERS, B. J., Jones, H. E., Doherty, I. A., Kline, T., Key, M. E., Johnson, K., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9544-3 · Cited by 6
“Although trauma exposure may have directly resulted in an STI (particularly if it involved sexual violence) (Dunkle et al., 2004; Jewkes et al., 2010), this would not explain why having an STI was not associated with trauma exposure for older women, as they are just as likely as younger women to have been exposed to s…”
Background
The mental health of orphans and vulnerable children within the context of HIV/AIDS in Ghana
Doku, P. N. (2012) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow) · Cited by 6
Violence Against Children
Pillay, J. (2024) · The Thinker · doi:10.36615/6xeqgt72 · Cited by 5
Psychometric Properties of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Abuse Short Form (ACE-ASF) for Ecuadorian Youth
Ramírez, A., Burgos‐Benavides, L., Calle, J. V. Q., Sinchi-Sinchi, H., Díez, J. H., & Rodríguez‐Díaz, F. J. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15040063 · Cited by 8
“These disruptions persist in adulthood, affecting emotional and cognitive functioning, which can impact various aspects of life, such as academic success, work performance, and interpersonal relationships (Jewkes et al., 2010).”
Spousal Rejection as a Risk Factor for Parental Rejection of Children Among Pakistani Families in the U.S.
Malik, F. D., & Rohner, R. P. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9756-0 · Cited by 5
Experiencias adversas de la infancia en una muestra de pacientes con enfermedad crónica en Cali-Colombia
Castillo, A., Luna, D. C., Cifuentes, Á. M. G., Martínez, L. L., Medina, V. M., Ruiz, H. C., Martínez, D. R., & Pérez, D. M. D. (2017) · Medicina UPB · doi:10.18566/medupb.v36n1.a02 · Cited by 5
Adverse childhood experiences, mental illness, HIV and offending among female inmates in Durban, South Africa
Naidoo, S., Paruk, S., Ferreira, L., & Subramaney, U. (2024) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v30i0.2108 · Cited by 7
Are different types of childhood adversities correlated within and across time? A comparison of data on adversity co-occurrence from three longitudinal birth cohort studies
Bigler, M. E., Schuurmans, I. K., Zhu, Y., Siddique, N., Hoffman, N., Koen, N., Zar, H. J., Stein, D. J., Cecil, C. A. M., & Dunn, E. C. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107315 · Cited by 5
Southern African Social Work Students’ Acceptance of Rape Myths
Matthews, J., Avery, L., & Nashandi, N. J. C. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7090152 · Cited by 5
“7% of men had experienced childhood sexual abuse (Jewkes et al. 2010).”
Background
Determinants of HIV-risk sexual behaviors among Zambian adolescents: The role of gendered power
Saasa, S., & Mowbray, O. P. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104484 · Cited by 7
Exposure to family and organized violence and associated mental health in north Korean refugee youth compared to south Korean youth
Park, J., Catani, C., Hermenau, K., & Elbert, T. R. (2019) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-019-0230-0 · Cited by 5
“A Child Needs Both a Mother and a Father”: The Parenting Constructions of a New Generation of Tertiary-Educated South African Prospective Parents
Petersen, J. M., & Lesch, E. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs.52.4.09 · Cited by 5
“Although it has been found that corporal punishment is still prevalent in schools and homes in South Africa (Jewkes et al., 2010), we expected that these contemporary young people would align themselves with the progressive sentiments reflected in the 2018 draft South African Child Care and…”
Background
Childhood Abuse and Drug Addiction Among Israeli Male Inmates
Chen, G., & Gueta, K. (2016) · The Prison Journal · doi:10.1177/0032885516662637 · Cited by 5
Death Reviews in the Context of Domestic Homicide in Low- to Middle-Income Countries: South Africa as a Case Study
Dawson, M., Mathews, S., Abrahams, N., & Campbell, J. C. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56276-0_12 · Cited by 5
Mental health characteristics and their associations with childhood trauma among subgroups of people living with HIV in China
Wang, D., Deng, Q., Ross, B., Wang, M., Liu, Z., Wang, H., & Ouyang, X. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03658-5 · Cited by 5
“A cross-sectional study in South Africa showed those with childhood trauma were more likely to be at risk of HIV infection [33], which has been further demonstrated in another longitudinal study in rural South African youth [34].”
Background
Prohibitionist Drug Policy in South Africa—Reasons and Effects
Scheibe, A. P., Shelly, S., & Versfeld, A. (2020) · Brill | Nijhoff eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004440494_016 · Cited by 5
Interpersonal violence: an important risk factor for disease and injury in South Africa
Norman, R., Schneider, M., Bradshaw, D., Jewkes, R., Abrahams, N., Matzopoulos, R., & Vos, T. (2010) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/1478-7954-8-32 · Cited by 4
“The Jewkes et al. 2010 longitudinal analysis also provides strong temporal evidence to support a causal relationship between IPV and incident HIV infection [18,19].”
Self-citation
Impacts of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Mental Health and Satisfaction With Life in First-Year College Students: Results From a Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam
Trinh, H. H., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, T. Q., Ngo, N. T., Nguyen, S. T., Nguyen, C. V., Mac, T. D., & Nguyen, H. T. (2025) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0068 · Cited by 4
Study protocol: an observational study of distress, immune function and persistent pain in HIV
Madden, V. J., Msolo, N. K., Mqadi, L., Lesosky, M., Bedwell, G. J., Hutchinson, M. R., Peter, J., Parker, R., Schrepf, A., Edwards, R. R., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059723 · Cited by 5
Prevalence Estimate for Adjustment Disorders in the South African Navy
Wijk, C. H. V. (2024) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/0117450179301661240528064329 · Cited by 4
The Association between Childhood Adversity and the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA) in Sexual Minority Men
Dalvie, S., Li, M. J., Kalmin, M. M., Cole, S. W., Stein, D. J., & SHOPTAW, S. J. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00661-2 · Cited by 5
“This is in line with previous research showing that individuals exposed to abuse and neglect had a higher incidence of HIV (Jewkes et al., 2010) and increased HIV-risk behaviors (Gibbs et al., 2018) in groups of South African individuals from rural and urban settings, respectively.”
The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risk Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review of High-Risk Groups, with a Focus on South Africa
Manuela, G., Schneider, M. M., Radu, M., Parry, C. D. H., & Chersich, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/31560 · Cited by 5
Developing an Understanding of Filicide in South Africa
Mathews, S., & Abrahams, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63097-7_3 · Cited by 6
Effects of men's lifetime adverse events experience on violence, HIV risk, and wellbeing: insights from three countries
Pulerwitz, J., McClair, T. L., Gottert, A., Shabangu, P., Cawood, C., Chipeta, E. K., & Mathur, S. (2022) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003224 · Cited by 4
“Men who suffer or witness violence as children are more likely to report a range of HIV risk behaviors [5,6], to acquire HIV [7], and to engage in violent behavior as”
Background

Authors: Jewkes, R. K., Dunkle, K., Nduna, M., Jama, P. N., & Puren, A.
Affiliations: South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
Emory University (US)
University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
National Institute for Communicable Diseases (ZA)
Corresponding author: Jewkes, Rachel K.
ORCID: Jewkes, Rachel K.
Dunkle, Kristin
Nduna, Mzikazi
Puren, Adrian
Venue: Child Abuse & Neglect
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 34
Issue: 11
Pages: 833-841
ISSN: 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.05.002
PMC: PMC2981623
OpenAlex: W2004998274
Cited by: 269
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 10.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH 64882-01, MH 64882‐04S1A1, R01MH064882)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Keywords: childhood adversity, depression, substance abuse, HIV incidence, rural youth, emotional neglect, emotional abuse, corporal punishment, sexual abuse, suicidality, alcohol abuse, drug use, gender differences, South Africa, behavioral interventions, HIV prevention, mental health promotion, violence against children
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Child Abuse, Depressive Disorder, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Herpes Genitalis, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rural Population, South Africa, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Prevalence, Cluster Analysis, Sex Distribution, Herpesvirus 2, Human, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Young Adult

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Associations between childhood adversity and depression, substance abuse and HIV and HSV2 incident infections in rural South African youth

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