The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among U.S. LGBT and non-LGBT youth
Open accessAbstract
In today's technology-infused world, we need to better understand relationships youth form with friends online, how they compare to relationships formed in-person, and whether these online relationships confer protective benefits. This is particularly important from the perspective of peer victimization, given that social support in-person appears to reduce the odds of victimization in-person. To address this literature gap, data from a sample of 5,542 U.S. adolescents, collected online between August 2010 and January 2011, were analyzed. The main variables of interest were: online and in-person peer victimization (including generalized and bullying forms) and online and in-person sexual victimization (including generalized and sexual harassment forms). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth were more likely than non-LGBT youth to have online friends and to appraise these friends as better than their in-person friends at providing emotional support. Peer victimization and unwanted sexual experiences were more commonly reported by LGBT than non-LGBT youth. Perceived quality of social support, either online or in-person, did little to attenuate the relative odds of victimization for LGBT youth. For all youth, in-person social support was associated with reduced odds of bully victimization (online and in-person) and sexual harassment (in-person), but was unrelated to the other outcomes of interest. Online social support did not reduce the odds of any type of victimization assessed. Together, these findings suggest that online friends can be an important source of social support, particularly for LGBT youth. Nonetheless, in-person social support appears to be more protective against victimization, suggesting that one is not a replacement for the other.
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“Conversely, online communities can provide TGD individuals with access to social support and connection with their peers that they might not otherwise have, reducing social isolation [27,28].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Online TGD spaces can facilitate a sense of community for TGD individuals who might otherwise be isolated from the wider TGD community”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“For TGD individuals, social support is a vitally important source of resilience and a protective factor against the effects of victimization [12,25,28].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Many TGD individuals rely on online friendships and communities as their primary form of social support [12,28].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The importance of social support as a protective factor for TGD individuals is consistent with previous research that social support is vital for coping with victimization [28].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“these spaces are often the first point of contact for TGD individuals beginning to challenge or explore their gender identity [12,27,28].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“discrimination is indeed an important risk factor for sexually connoted behaviors [55,56].”
From Cybervictimization and Online Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Association, and Predictors (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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Cybervictimization and Online Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Association, and Predictors
Franceschi, A., De Luca, L., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21121555 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Palmer, N. A., & Reisner, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research (US)
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ybarra, Michele L.
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 39
- Pages
- 123-136
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6483382
- OpenAlex
- W2111500167
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 18.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD057191)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- online social support, peer victimization, sexual victimization, sexual harassment, bullying, LGBTQ youth, adolescents, online friends, emotional support, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Bisexuality, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Homosexuality, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Peer Group, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Offenses, Social Support, Transsexualism, United States, Logistic Models, Sexual Harassment, Crime Victims, Internet, Bullying
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