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Cited by 184Child Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Welfare and Adoption

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Adverse childhood experiences and trajectories of internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors from childhood to adolescence

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Bevilacqua, Leonardo, Kelly, Yvonne, Heilmann, Anja, Priest, Naomi, Lacey, Rebecca E.·2021·Child Abuse & Neglect
DOI 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104890
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Abstract

Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict poorer mental health across the life course but most of the extant research has employed ACE scores or individual adversities using retrospective data.Objectives To study the impact of ACEs on later mental health using not only ACEs scores and individual ACEs, but also latent class analysis (LCA), which respects the clustering of adversities.Participants and setting 8823 members from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.Methods We investigated the impact of prospectively reported ACEs on mental health trajectories derived using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14. Associations between LCA-derived ACE clusters, ACE scores, individual ACEs and mental health trajectories were tested using linear mixed effects models.Results With statistical significance set at 5% level, ACE scores showed a graded association with internalizing (ACE score of 1: β = 0.057; ACE score of 2: β = 0.108; ACE score of 3: β = 0.202), externalizing (ACE score of 1: β = 0.142; ACE score of 2: β = 0.299; ACE score of 3: β = 0.415) and prosocial behaviors (ACE score of 1: β=-0.019; ACE score of 2: β=-0.042; ACE score of 3: β=-0.059). Harsh parenting and physical punishment were particularly strongly associated with externalizing (β = 0.270 and β = 0.256) and negatively associated with prosocial behaviors (β=-0.046 and β=-0.058). Parental discord and parental depression showed the strongest associations with internalizing problems (β = 0.125 and β = 0.113). LCA did not discriminate ACE clusters in this dataset.Conclusions ACEs have an important impact on mental health from childhood to adolescence. ACEs score approach yielded useful results, which were further enhanced by exploring individual ACEs.

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Fig. 1 Internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behavior (indicated by logSDQ scores on the Y axis) from 3 to 14 in participants experiencing 0, 1, 2, and 3 + ACEs.
Fig. 1 Internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behavior (indicated by logSDQ scores on the Y axis) from 3 to 14 in participants experiencing 0, 1, 2, and 3 + ACEs.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 2 Internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behavior (indicated by logSDQ scores on the Y axis) from 3 to 14 in participants experiencing ACEs (here showing the two ACEs with the highest coefficients only for each outcome).
Fig. 2 Internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behavior (indicated by logSDQ scores on the Y axis) from 3 to 14 in participants experiencing ACEs (here showing the two ACEs with the highest coefficients only for each outcome).CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Bevilacqua, L., Kelly, Y., Heilmann, A., Priest, N., & Lacey, R. E.
Affiliations
  • University College London (GB)
  • Australian National University (AU)
Corresponding author
Bevilacqua, Leonardo
ORCID
Venue
Child Abuse & Neglect
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-02
Volume
112
Pages
104890
ISSN
0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104890
OpenAlex
W3120713439
Cited by
183
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 6
FWCI
20.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
  • ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Economic and Social Research Council
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Keywords
adverse childhood experiences, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, prosocial behavior, mental health trajectories, ACE score, latent class analysis, harsh parenting, corporal punishment, parental conflict, parental depression, childhood to adolescence, Millennium Cohort Study
MeSH terms
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Altruism, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Cohort Studies, Parenting

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