Many of the kids are not alright: Material hardship among children in the United States
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
More than a third of children live in households that report at least one type of material hardship, nearly twice the number of children who live in income poor households.
“More than a third of children live in households that report at least one type of material hardship; nearly twice the number of children who live in households that are income poor [1].”
From Poverty, Material Hardship, and Children’s Outcomes: A Nuanced Understanding of Material Hardship in Childhood (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
Material hardship and income poverty are not synonymous; some income poor families do not experience material hardship, while other families with incomes well above the poverty threshold struggle to meet their material needs.
“Although material hardship is closely linked to income poverty, these are not synonymous. Some income poor families do not experience material hardship, while other families with incomes well above the poverty threshold struggle to meet their material needs [1,5,6,7].”
From Poverty, Material Hardship, and Children’s Outcomes: A Nuanced Understanding of Material Hardship in Childhood (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
The results support the growing consensus that income poverty and material hardship do not necessarily reflect the same experience of economic vulnerability.
“Our results support the growing consensus that income poverty and material hardship do not necessarily reflect the same experience of economic vulnerability [1,5,6,11].”
From Poverty, Material Hardship, and Children’s Outcomes: A Nuanced Understanding of Material Hardship in Childhood (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
The prevalence estimates reported are consistent with more recent data, which strengthens confidence in the relevance of these results in today's context.
“That the prevalence estimates we report are consistent with more recent data [1] strengthens our confidence in the relevance of these results in today’s context.”
From Poverty, Material Hardship, and Children’s Outcomes: A Nuanced Understanding of Material Hardship in Childhood (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
Cites
Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot Do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can Do About It
Mood, C. (2010) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcp006 · Cited by 3,158 · see citing works
Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Raver, C. C., & Lennon, M. C. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Poverty and the Distribution of Material Hardship
Mayer, S. E., & Jencks, C. (1989) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/145934 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Child Hunger and Long-term Adverse Consequences for Health
Kirkpatrick, S. I., McIntyre, L., & Potestio, M. L. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.117 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Bounding the effects of food insecurity on children’s health outcomes
Gundersen, C., & Kreider, B. (2009) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.06.012 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
McConnell, D., Breitkreuz, R. S., & Savage, A. (2010) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01185.x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Unstable Housing and Caregiver and Child Health in Renter Families
Sandel, M. T., Sheward, R. S., de Cuba, S. E., Coleman, S. M., Frank, D. A., Chilton, M. M., Black, M. M., Heeren, T., Pasquariello, J., Casey, P. H., et al. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2199 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?
Hamilton, D., & Darity, W. A. J. (2010) · The Review of Black Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s12114-010-9063-1 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Cook, J. T., Frank, D. A., Casey, P. H., Jacobs, R. R., Black, M. M., Chilton, M. M., de Cuba, S. E., Appugliese, D. P., Coleman, S. M., Heeren, T., et al. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0286 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Financial Diaries: How American Families Cope in a World of Uncertainty
Morduch, J., & Schneider, R. Z. (2017) · Cited by 225 · see citing works
The Effect of Paternal Incarceration on Material Hardship
Schwartz‐Soicher, O., Geller, A., & Garfinkel, I. (2011) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/661925 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Food Insecurity and Risk of Poor Health Among US-Born Children of Immigrants
Chilton, M. M., Black, M. M., Berkowitz, C. D., Casey, P. H., Cook, J. T., Cutts, D. B., Jacobs, R. R., Heeren, T., de Cuba, S. E., Coleman, S. M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.144394 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Family Structure Transitions and Changes in Maternal Resources and Well-being
Osborne, C., Berger, L. M., & Magnuson, K. (2012) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0080-x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Scaramella, L. V., Sohr‐Preston, S. L., Callahan, K. L., & Mirabile, S. P. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802148202 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Shaefer, H. L., Collyer, S. M., Duncan, G. J., Edin, K. J., Garfinkel, I., Harris, D., Smeeding, T. M., Waldfogel, J., Wimer, C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2018) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.2.02 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Heflin, C., Sandberg, J., & Rafail, P. (2009) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.746 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Does Food Insecurity Affect Parental Characteristics and Child Behavior? Testing Mediation Effects
Huang, J., Oshima, K. M. M., & Kim, Y. (2010) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/655821 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Shaefer, H. L., & Gutierrez, I. A. (2013) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/673999 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Measuring Overcrowding in Housing
Blake, K. S., Kellerson, R. L., & Simić, A. (2007) · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Heflin, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-016-9503-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Living conditions among the poor in four rich countries
Mayer, S. E. (1993) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/bf00163070 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Poverty and Material Hardship in Grandparent‐Headed Households
Baker, L. A., & Mutchler, J. E. (2010) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00741.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Food insecurity and housing instability in vulnerable families
King, C. (2016) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-016-9335-z · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effects of unemployment and underemployment on material hardship in single-mother families
Eamon, M. K., & Wu, C.-F. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.09.006 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Seefeldt, K. S. (2015) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/681932 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Giving Unto Others: Private Financial Transfers and Hardship Among Families With Children
Pilkauskas, N., Campbell, C., & Wimer, C. (2017) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12392 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Measuring Poverty: The Official U.S. Measure and Material Hardship
Nelson, G. (2011) · Poverty & Public Policy · doi:10.2202/1944-2858.1077 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Link Between Financial Strain, Interparental Discord and Children’s Antisocial Behaviors
Paat, Y. (2011) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-010-9354-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Paid Leave, Welfare, and Material Hardship After a Birth
Ybarra, M., Stanczyk, A. B., & Ha, Y. (2019) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12350 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Left Out:Policy Diffusion and the Exclusion of Black Workers from Unemployment Insurance
Rodems, R., & Shaefer, H. L. (2016) · Social Science History · doi:10.1017/ssh.2016.11 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Family Life Project Investigators, Kainz, K., Willoughby, M. T., Vernon‐Feagans, L., & Burchinal, M. (2012) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-012-9287-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The multifaceted nature of poverty and differential trajectories of health among children
Kwon, E., Kim, B., & Park, S. (2017) · Journal of Children and Poverty · doi:10.1080/10796126.2017.1300575 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 33 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Housing and asthma disparities
Bryant-Stephens, T. C., Strane, D., Robinson, E. K., Bhambhani, S., & Kenyon, C. C. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.09.023 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Family Structure, Risks, and Racial Stratification in Poverty
Williams, D. T., & Baker, R. (2021) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spab018 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Avoiding material hardship: The buffer function of wealth
Rodems, R., & Pfeffer, F. T. (2021) · Journal of European Social Policy · doi:10.1177/09589287211059043 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Barnhart, S., Garcia, A. R., & Karcher, N. R. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01671-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Transportation Insecurity in the United States: A Descriptive Portrait
Murphy, A. K., McDonald-Lopez, K., Pilkauskas, N., & Gould‐Werth, A. (2022) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231221121060 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Material hardship, perceived stress, and health in early adulthood
Huang, Y., Heflin, C. M., & Фаритовна, В. А. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.017 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Baker, R., & O’Connell, H. A. (2022) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12837 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Health disparities in pediatric food allergy
Tepler, E., Wong, K. H., & Soffer, G. K. (2022) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2022.04.022 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Longitudinal Patterns of Material Hardship Among US Families
Thomas, M. M. C. (2022) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-022-02896-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Thomas, M. M. C., & Waldfogel, J. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106400 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Pilkauskas, N., Jacob, B. A., Rhodes, E., Richard, K., & Shaefer, H. L. (2023) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22464 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Frank, M., Daniel, L., Hays, C. N., Shanahan, M. E., Naumann, R. B., Reyes, H. L. M., & Austin, A. E. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231165689 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jacob, B. A., Pilkauskas, N., Rhodes, E., Richard, K., & Shaefer, H. L. (2022) · National Tax Journal · doi:10.1086/720723 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Beyond income: material hardship and the health and healthcare of premature children
Cordova-Ramos, E. G., Brochier, A., Tripodis, Y., Garg, A., & Parker, M. G. K. (2022) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-022-01560-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Schenck-Fontaine, A., & Ryan, R. M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9070981 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) from 1996 to 2011, Rodems and Shaefer report that 36% of children experienced some type of material hardship, while only 18% were income poor [1].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Prevalence of Hardship by Race and Ethnicity in the USA, 1992–2019
Iceland, J., & Sakamoto, A. (2022) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-022-09733-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Latent classes and longitudinal patterns of material hardship as predictors of child well‐being
Thomas, M. M. C. (2023) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12687 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Eche, I. J., Orellana, L., Becker, D., Bona, K. O., Avery, M. E., Feudtner, C., Freedman, J. L., Kang, T. I., Rosenberg, A. R., Waldman, E. D., et al. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35432 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Is housing hardship associated with increased adolescent delinquent behaviors?
Gold, S. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105116 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Belarmino, E. H., Malinowski, A., & Flynn, K. (2021) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101332 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Material Hardship and the Living Arrangements of Older Americans
Heflin, C. M., & Patnaik, H. A. (2022) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-022-09838-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The expanded Child Tax Credit and economic wellbeing of low-income families
Pilkauskas, N., Michelmore, K. M., Kovski, N. L., & Shaefer, H. L. (2024) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-024-01047-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sheely, A. (2022) · Social Policy and Society · doi:10.1017/s1474746421000877 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Timing and Persistence of Material Hardship Among Children in the United States
Campbell, C., O’Brien, G., & Tumin, D. (2022) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-022-03448-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Adverse Childhood Experiences: Timing and Patterns
Wang, X., Liu, Q., Xu, Y. M., Xi, W., Gump, B. B., & Vasilenko, S. A. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.01.021 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The effect of increased minimum wage on child externalizing behaviors
Woods-Jaeger, B. A., Livingston, M. D., Lemon, E. D., Spencer, R. A., & Komro, K. A. (2021) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101627 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ballentine, K. L. (2023) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-023-09937-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Economic hardship and the role of cost in childcare decisions: An exploratory study
Ronnenberg, M. M., & Conrad, A. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107761 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Murphy, A. K., Pilkauskas, N., Kovski, N. L., & Gould‐Werth, A. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03585-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Material hardship and suicidal behavior: Associations among parents and non‐parents
Austin, A. E., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12723 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dynamics of child care subsidy use and material hardship
Kim, J., & Henly, J. R. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.105979 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Prenatal exposure to social adversity and infant cortisol in the first year of life
Keeton, V. F., Hoffmann, T. J., Goodwin, K., Powell, B., Tupuola, S., & Weiss, S. J. (2024) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2024.2316042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
From material hardship to harsh parenting: Testing the Family Stress Model in dyadic family context
Zhang, Y., Johnson‐Motoyama, M., Yoon, S., & Barboza-Salerno, G. (2025) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2025.105917 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Trujillo, L., Robbins, T., Morris, E., Sionean, C., & Agnew-Brune, C. B. (2021) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002828 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koscelny, S. N., Neyens, D. M., Dietrich, A. M., Stewart, D., Parker, V. G., & Joseph, A. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12792-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Keeton, V. F., Bell, J. F., Drake, C., Garcia, E. O. F. Y., Pantell, M. S., Hessler, D., Wing, H. E., Silveira, P. P., Donnell, K. J. O., Filho, E. J. D. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02532-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Razza, R. A., Vasilenko, S. A., & Merrin, G. J. (2023) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2024.2310449 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Merrin, G. J., Vasilenko, S. A., & Razza, R. A. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107995 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hardship in the Heartland: Associations Between Rurality, Income, and Material Hardship*
Conrad, A., & Ronnenberg, M. M. (2022) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12435 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Adaranijo, E. T., & Mbamba, C. R. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107472 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., & Razza, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02917-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reck, A., Sweet, L. H., Geier, C. F., Kogan, S. M., Cui, Z., & Oshri, A. (2024) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13554 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Acute care utilization and housing hardships in American children
Gold, S., & Wagner, B. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106447 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A rising tide lifts all homes? Housing consumption trends for low-income households since the 1980s
Hembre, E., Collins, J. M., & Wylde, S. (2024) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105102 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chung, Y., & Ahn, H. (2024) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595241307896 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
Iceland, J., & Cho, J. (2025) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2025.52.20 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neglect as Collective Failure to Provide for Children: Towards a New Theoretical ApproachPreprint
Blumenthal, A. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/5afv2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Frank, M., & Austin, A. E. (2025) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2025.102807 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sources of stress among caregivers receiving diaper assistance
Austin, A. E., Anan, Y., Schaefer-Old, M., & Massengale, K. E. C. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251401753 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comeau, J., Duncan, L., Smith, C., Smith-Carrier, T. A., Georgiades, K., Wang, L., & Boyle, M. H. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105874 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Poverty Balancing Equation: Expressing Poverty of Place as a Population Process
Mueller, J. T. (2021) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-9530075 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mothers’ Nonstandard Work Schedules, Economic Hardship, and Children’s Outcomes
Zilanawala, A., & Schenck‐Fontaine, A. (2025) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231251332979 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Poverty and Parenting: Exploring Differences Between Material Hardship and Income Poverty
Patton, S. E., & Thomas, M. M. C. (2025) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.70060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Counting every cycle: Validating a measure of period product insecurity in the United States
Bowman, K. M. (2026) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057261426796 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fusaro, V., & Mattingly, M. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01881-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kim, S., Thyberg, C. T., Engel, R. J., Wexler, S., & Woo, J. (2024) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svae020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The poverty balancing equation: Expressing poverty of place as a population processPreprint
Mueller, J. T. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/ws3gd
Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Differences in Real-World Practice
Fiori, K. P., & Oyeku, S. O. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-058243
"Nobody gives a damn if you don't know the rules": Poverty, strain, and crime
Chrystina Y. Hoffman, U. O. W. F., Dana R. Dillard, M. S. U., Erin King, U. O. W. F., & Angela Blackburn, U. O. W. F. (2024) · doi:10.21428/88de04a1.761f53f4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The effect of material hardship on child social skills via parental depression and coparenting
Zhang, Y., Yoon, S., Wang, J., Benavides, J. L., Chang, Y., & Maguire‐Jack, K. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70046
Bosch, M. V., & Copp, J. E. (2025) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2025.2572681
Huang, R., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579425100989
Pathways Mediating Immigration and Utilization of Dental Care in Children
Bashir, N. Z., Chan, C. C. K., & McGrath, C. P. J. (2026) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345261416826
Liu, Q., & Chakraborty, J. (2026) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.70165
Liu, Q., Merrin, G. J., Razza, R. A., & Vasilenko, S. A. (2026) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70340
School‐Based Interventions That Address Students' Unmet Material Needs: A Scoping Review*
Sokol, R. L., Toro, V., Sewall, G., Swirsky, A., Esposti, M. D., Victor, B. G., Kernsmith, P. D., Heinze, J. E., & Smith, J. (2026) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70207
Exploring the impact of unpredictability of household resources on infant attention
Gimenez, L. A., Werchan, D. M., Rice, C. J., Perez, M. V., & Brito, N. H. (2026) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2026.102226
Political Ideology and Perceived Racial Discrimination Across Race Groups
Leiter, V. K., Silver, E., & Iceland, J. (2026) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.70192
Brief Report: Measuring Poverty in the United States from 1967 to 2024Preprint
Wimer, C., Collyer, S. M., Fox, L., Ortiz, R., Vinh, R., & Waldfogel, J. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051928/v1
State-Level Investments in Children and Disparities in Material Hardship
Lee, J., Jackson, M., Morrissey, T. W., & Wimer, C. (2026) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v13.a53
- Authors
- Rodems, R., & Shaefer, H. L.
- Corresponding author
- Rodems, Richard
- Venue
- Children and Youth Services Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 112
- Pages
- 104767
- ISSN
- 0190-7409 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3003456061
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 9.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Children and Youth Services Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
- Keywords
- material hardship, children, child poverty, food insecurity, health care costs, housing conditions, overcrowding, racial disparities, educational attainment, household income, demographic disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review