The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Staphylococcus aureus Epicutaneous Exposure Drives Skin Inflammation via IL-36-Mediated T Cell Responses
Open accessAbstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonization contributes to skin inflammation in diseases such as atopic dermatitis, but the signaling pathways involved are unclear. Herein, epicutaneous S. aureus exposure to mouse skin promoted MyD88-dependent skin inflammation initiated by IL-36, but not IL-1α/β, IL-18, or IL-33. By contrast, an intradermal S. aureus challenge promoted MyD88-dependent host defense initiated by IL-1β rather than IL-36, suggesting that different IL-1 cytokines trigger MyD88 signaling depending on the anatomical depth of S. aureus cutaneous exposure. The bacterial virulence factor PSMα, but not α-toxin or δ-toxin, contributed to the skin inflammation, which was driven by IL-17-producing γδ and CD4+ T cells via direct IL-36R signaling in the T cells. Finally, adoptive transfer of IL-36R-expressing T cells to IL-36R-deficient mice was sufficient for mediating S. aureus-induced skin inflammation. Together, this study defines a previously unknown pathway by which S. aureus epicutaneous exposure promotes skin inflammation involving IL-36R/MyD88-dependent IL-17 T cell responses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, in a mouse model, colonization with S. aureus induces IL-36R- and IL-1R-dependent inflammation73.”
From Atopic dermatitis: an expanding therapeutic pipeline for a complex disease (2022) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“there is increasing evidence that the IL-23–IL-17 axis as well as IL-36 (see above) may have a role, at least in some AD subtypes such as the so-called intrinsic form and in Asian patients73,103,117,123–125.”
From Atopic dermatitis: an expanding therapeutic pipeline for a complex disease (2022) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tong, S. Y. C., Davis, J. S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. L., & Fowler, V. G. (2015) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00134-14 · Cited by 5,192
Williams, H. C., Leung, D. Y. M., Thestrup‐Pedersen, K., & David, T. J. (2000) · Cited by 4,597
Weidinger, S., & Novak, N. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00149-x · Cited by 1,908
Kong, H. H., Oh, J., Deming, C., Conlan, S., Grice, E. A., Beatson, M. A., Nomicos, E., Polley, E. C., Komarow, H. D., Program, N. C. S., et al. (2012) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.131029.111 · Cited by 1,808
Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
DeLeo, F. R., Otto, M. J., Kreiswirth, B. N., & Chambers, H. F. “. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61999-1 · Cited by 1,534
Compartmentalized Control of Skin Immunity by Resident Commensals
Naik, S., Bouladoux, N., Wilhelm, C., Molloy, M. J., Salcedo, R., Kastenmuller, W., Deming, C., Quinones, M., Koo, L., Conlan, S., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225152 · Cited by 1,092
Pivotal Role of Dermal IL-17-Producing γδ T Cells in Skin Inflammation
Cai, Y., Shen, X., Ding, C., Qi, C., Li, K., Li, X., Jala, V. R., Zhang, H., Wang, T., Zheng, J., et al. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.001 · Cited by 1,049
A role for IL-25 and IL-33–driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis
Salimi, M., Barlow, J. L., Saunders, S. P., Xue, L., Gutowska‐Owsiak, D., Wang, X., Huang, L.-C., Johnson, D., Scanlon, S. T., McKenzie, A. N. J., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20130351 · Cited by 1,012
Interleukin-36–Receptor Antagonist Deficiency and Generalized Pustular Psoriasis
Marrakchi, S., Guigue, P., Renshaw, B. R., Puel, A., Pei, X.-Y., Fraitag, S., Zribi, J., Bal, É., Cluzeau, C. V. M., Chrabieh, M., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1013068 · Cited by 996
Gittler, J. K., Shemer, A., Suárez-Fariñas, M., Fuentes-Duculan, J., Gulewicz, K. J., Wang, C. Q. F., Mitsui, H., Cardinale, I., de Guzman Strong, C., Krueger, J. G., et al. (2012) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.012 · Cited by 981
Fey, P. D., Endres, J. L., Yajjala, V. K., Widhelm, T. J., Boissy, R., Bose, J. L., & Bayles, K. W. (2013) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00537-12 · Cited by 941
Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Prevent Macrophage Phagocytosis and Attenuate Inflammation In Vivo
Thurlow, L. R., Hanke, M. L., Fritz, T., Angle, A., Aldrich, A., Williams, S. H., Engebretsen, I. L., Bayles, K. W., Horswill, A. R., & Kielian, T. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002794 · Cited by 704
Possible Pathogenic Role of Th17 Cells for Atopic Dermatitis
Koga, C., Kabashima, K., Shiraishi, N., Kobayashi, M., & TOKURA, Y. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2008.111 · Cited by 680
IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice
Cho, J. S., Pietras, E. M., Garcia, N. C., Ramos, R. I., Farzam, D. M., Monroe, H. R., Magorien, J. E., Blauvelt, A., Kolls, J. K., Cheung, A. L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci40891 · Cited by 658
Self-citationNograles, K. E., Zaba, L. C., Shemer, A., Fuentes-Duculan, J., Cardinale, I., Kikuchi, T., Ramon, M., Bergman, R., Krueger, J. G., & Guttman-Yassky, E. (2009) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.03.041 · Cited by 627
Byrd, A. L., Deming, C., Cassidy, S. K. B., Harrison, O. J., Ng, W.-I., Conlan, S., Program, N. C. S., Belkaid, Y., Segre, J. A., & Kong, H. H. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal4651 · Cited by 607
Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Superantigen Exotoxins
Spaulding, A. R., Salgado‐Pabón, W., Kohler, P. L., Horswill, A. R., Leung, D. Y. M., & Schlievert, P. M. (2013) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00104-12 · Cited by 566
Staphylococcus δ-toxin induces allergic skin disease by activating mast cells
Nakamura, Y., Oscherwitz, J., Cease, K. B., Chan, S. M., Muñoz-Planillo, R., Hasegawa, M., Villaruz, A. E., Cheung, G. Y. C., McGavin, M. J., Travers, J. B., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12655 · Cited by 558
Rorγt+ innate lymphocytes and γδ T cells initiate psoriasiform plaque formation in mice
Pantelyushin, S., Haak, S., Ingold, B., Kulig, P., Heppner, F. L., Navarini, A. A., & Becher, B. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci61862 · Cited by 526
National Trends in Ambulatory Visits and Antibiotic Prescribing for Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Hersh, A. L. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.14.1585 · Cited by 507
Dermal adipocytes protect against invasive Staphylococcus aureus skin infection
Zhang, L.-J., Guerrero-Juarez, C. F., Hata, T., Bapat, S. P., Ramos, R., Plikus, M. V., & Gallo, R. L. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260972 · Cited by 471
Imai, Y., Yasuda, K., Sakaguchi, Y., Haneda, T., Mizutani, H., Yoshimoto, T., Nakanishi, K., & Yamanishi, K. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1307321110 · Cited by 441
Carrier, Y., Ma, H., Ramón, H. E., Napierata, L., Small, C. G., O’Toole, M., Young, D. A., Fouser, L. A., Nickerson‐Nutter, C. L., Collins, M. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.234 · Cited by 431
Psoriasiform dermatitis is driven by IL-36–mediated DC-keratinocyte crosstalk
Tortola, L., Rosenwald, E., Abel, B., Blumberg, H., Schäfer, M., Coyle, A. J., Renauld, J., Werner, S., Kisielow, J., & Köpf, M. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci63451 · Cited by 408
IL-1 and IL-36 are dominant cytokines in generalized pustular psoriasis
Johnston, A., Xing, X., Wolterink, L., Barnes, D. H., Yin, Z., Reingold, L. J., Kahlenberg, J. M., Harms, P. W., & Gudjonsson, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.056 · Cited by 408
IL-33 and ST2 in Atopic Dermatitis: Expression Profiles and Modulation by Triggering Factors
Savinko, T., Matikainen, S., Saarialho‐Kere, U., Lehto, M., Wang, G., Lehtimäki, S., Karisola, P., Reunala, T. L., Wolff, H. J., Lauerma, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.446 · Cited by 397
Miller, L. S., O’Connell, R. M., Gutiérrez, M. Á., Pietras, E. M., Shahangian, A., Gross, C. E., Thirumala, A., Cheung, A. L., Cheng, G., & Modlin, R. L. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.11.011 · Cited by 353
Self-citationMuñoz-Planillo, R., Franchi, L., Miller, L. S., & Núñez, G. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900729 · Cited by 335
Self-citationMiller, L. S., Pietras, E. M., Uricchio, L. H., Hirano, K., Rao, S. S. D., Lin, H., O’Connell, R. M., Iwakura, Y., Cheung, A. L., Cheng, G., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6933 · Cited by 330
Self-citationStaphylococcus aureus–associated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Ambulatory Care
McCaig, L. F., McDonald, L. C., Mandal, S., & Jernigan, D. B. (2006) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1211.060190 · Cited by 317
Breuer, K., HAussler, S., Kapp, A., & Werfel, T. (2002) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04872.x · Cited by 315
IL-36R ligands are potent regulators of dendritic and T cells
Vigne, S., Palmer, G., Lamacchia, C., Martin, P., Talabot‐Ayer, D., Rodriguez, E., Ronchi, F., Sallusto, F., Dinh, H., Sims, J. E., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-05-356873 · Cited by 308
Davey, M. S., Willcox, C. R., Joyce, S. P., Ladell, K., Kasatskaya, S. A., McLaren, J. E., Hunter, S., Salim, M., Mohammed, F., Price, D. A., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14760 · Cited by 308
IL-36 Promotes Myeloid Cell Infiltration, Activation, and Inflammatory Activity in Skin
Foster, A. M., Baliwag, J., Chen, C. S., Guzman, A. M., Stoll, S. W., Gudjonsson, J. E., Ward, N. L., & Johnston, A. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301481 · Cited by 303
Polarized in vivo expression of IL-11 and IL-17 between acute and chronic skin lesions
Toda, M., Leung, D. Y. M., Molet, S., Boguniewicz, M., Taha, R. A., Christodoulopoulos, P., Fukuda, T., Elias, J. A., & Hamid, Q. A. (2003) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2003.1414 · Cited by 299
Bacterial and Viral Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: a Comprehensive Review
Ong, P. Y., & Leung, D. Y. M. (2016) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5 · Cited by 292
Cutaneous immunosurveillance by self-renewing dermal γδ T cells
Sumaria, N., Roediger, B., Ng, L. G., Qin, J., Pinto, R., Cavanagh, L. L., Shklovskaya, E., Groth, B. F. D. S., Triccas, J. A., & Weninger, W. (2011) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20101824 · Cited by 286
Kežić, S., O’Regan, G. M., Lutter, R., Jakaša, I., Koster, E. S., Saunders, S. P., Caspers, P. J., Kemperman, P. M. J. H., Puppels, G. J., Sandilands, A., et al. (2012) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.989 · Cited by 276
Ravens, S., Schultze-Florey, C. R., Raha, S., Sandrock, I., Drenker, M., Oberdörfer, L., Reinhardt, A., Ravens, I., Beck, M., Geffers, R., et al. (2017) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3686 · Cited by 271
Suárez‐Fariñas, M., Ungar, B., da Rosa, J. C., Ewald, D. A., Rozenblit, M., Gonzalez, J., Xu, H., Zheng, X., Peng, X., Estrada, Y. D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.003 · Cited by 270
Cutting Edge: Identification of a Motile IL-17–Producing γδ T Cell Population in the Dermis
Gray, E. E., Suzuki, K., & Cyster, J. G. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100427 · Cited by 265
Brown, A. F., Leech, J. M., Rogers, T. R., & McLoughlin, R. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00507 · Cited by 265
Cho, J. S., Guo, Y., Ramos, R. I., Hebroni, F., Plaisier, S. B., Xuan, C., Granick, J. L., Matsushima, H., Takashima, A., Iwakura, Y., et al. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003047 · Cited by 237
Self-citationVigne, S., Palmer, G., Martin, P., Lamacchia, C., Strebel, D., Rodriguez, E., Olleros, M. L., Vesin, D., Garcia, I., Ronchi, F., et al. (2012) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2012-06-439026 · Cited by 218
Ramírez‐Valle, F., Gray, E. E., & Cyster, J. G. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1508990112 · Cited by 213
Mabuchi, T., Takekoshi, T., & Hwang, S. T. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1101817 · Cited by 171
Li, N., Yamasaki, K., Saito, R., Fukushi, S., Shimada‐Omori, R., Asano, M., & Aiba, S. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302574 · Cited by 148
Myles, I. A., Fontecilla, N. M., Valdez, P. A., Vithayathil, P. J., Naik, S., Belkaid, Y., Ouyang, W., & Datta, S. K. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2637 · Cited by 136
Terada, M., Tsutsui, H., Imai, Y., Yasuda, K., Mizutani, H., Yamanishi, K., Kubo, M., Matsui, K., Sano, H., & Nakanishi, K. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602900103 · Cited by 126
The IL ‐36 receptor pathway regulates A spergillus fumigatus‐induced T h1 and T h17 responses
Gresnigt, M. S., Rösler, B., Jacobs, C. W. M., Becker, K. L., Joosten, L. A. B., van der Meer, J. W. M., Netea, M. G., Dinarello, C. A., & van de Veerdonk, F. L. (2012) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201242711 · Cited by 112
Stably Luminescent Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains for Use in Bioluminescent Imaging
Plaut, R. D., Mocca, C. P., Prabhakara, R., Merkel, T. J., & Stibitz, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059232 · Cited by 107
Self-citationNg, C. Y., Huang, Y.-H., Chu, C. F., Wu, T.-I., & Liu, S. (2017) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.15366 · Cited by 104
Syed, A. K., Reed, T. J., Clark, K. L., Boles, B. R., & Kahlenberg, J. M. (2015) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00401-15 · Cited by 87
Guo, Y., Ramos, R. I., Cho, J. S., Donegan, N. P., Cheung, A. L., & Miller, L. S. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01003-12 · Cited by 84
Self-citationLi, C., Li, H., Jiang, Z., Zhang, T., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Wu, Y., Ji, S., Xiao, S., Ryffel, B., et al. (2014) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003918 · Cited by 83
Self-citationOlaru, F., & Jensen, L. E. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.37 · Cited by 78
Milora, K. A., Fu, H., Dubaz, O. M., & Jensen, L. E. (2015) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2015.289 · Cited by 70
Chan, L. C., Chaili, S., Filler, S. G., Barr, K., Wang, H., Kupferwasser, D., Edwards, J. E., Xiong, Y. Q., Ibrahim, A. S., Miller, L. S., et al. (2015) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01061-15 · Cited by 61
Self-citationIL-33 promotes Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound healing in mice
Yin, H., Li, X., Hu, S., Liu, T., Yuan, B., Ni, Q., Lan, F., Luo, X., Gu, H., & Zheng, F. (2013) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.008 · Cited by 56
Vuong, C., Kocianova, S., Yu, J., Kadurugamuwa, J. L., & Otto, M. J. (2008) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/589307 · Cited by 48
Kinoshita, M., Miyazaki, H., Ono, S., Inatsu, A., Nakashima, H., Tsujimoto, H., Shinomiya, N., Saitoh, D., & Seki, S. (2011) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01298-10 · Cited by 48
Inoue, Y., Aihara, M., Kirino, M., Harada, I., Komori-Yamaguchi, J., Yamaguchi, Y., Nagashima, Y., & Ikezawa, Z. (2010) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10145.x · Cited by 45
Oyoshi, M. K., Venturelli, N., & Geha, R. S. (2016) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1304 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus
Cheung, G. Y. C., Bae, J. S., & Otto, M. J. (2021) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688 · Cited by 1,554
IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells in protection versus pathology
Mills, K. H. G. (2022) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00746-9 · Cited by 1,068
Skin microbiota–host interactions
Chen, Y. E., Fischbach, M. A., & Belkaid, Y. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25177 · Cited by 815
Atopic dermatitis: an expanding therapeutic pipeline for a complex disease
Bieber, T. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00266-6 · Cited by 623
Molecular Mechanisms of Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis
Sroka-Tomaszewska, J., & Trzeciak, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22084130 · Cited by 605
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, H., Archer, N. K., Dillen, C. A., Wang, Y., Ashbaugh, A. G., Ortines, R. V., Kao, T., Lee, S. K., Cai, S. S., Miller, R. J., Marchitto, M. C., Zhang, E., Riggins, D. P., Plaut, R. D., Stibitz, S., Geha, R. S., & Miller, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Lloyd S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Host & Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 653-666.e5
- ISSN
- 1931-3128 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5774218
- OpenAlex
- W2767217104
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 23.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Host & Microbe (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM2AI117870)
- NIH (R01AR069502)
- Pfizer (WI214880)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Keywords
- Staphylococcus aureus, skin inflammation, IL-36, IL-36 receptor, MyD88 signaling, IL-17, γδ T cells, CD4+ T cells, staphylococcal virulence factors, atopic dermatitis, IL-1β, intradermal challenge, adoptive transfer
- MeSH terms
- Interleukin-33, Animals, Bacterial Toxins, Dermatitis, Atopic, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Hemolysin Proteins, Host-Parasite Interactions, Inflammation, Interleukin-1, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Skin, Staphylococcal Infections, Staphylococcus aureus, T-Lymphocytes, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-17, Interleukin-18, Virulence Factors, Mice, Interleukin-1alpha, Interleukin-1beta, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
