The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metformin Action: Concentrations Matter
Open accessAbstract
Metformin has been used for nearly a century and is now the most widely prescribed oral anti-diabetic agent worldwide. Yet how metformin acts remains only partially understood and controversial. One key reason may be that almost all previous studies were conducted with supra-pharmacological concentrations (doses) of metformin, 10-100 times higher than maximally achievable therapeutic concentrations found in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“activation of AMPK by metformin has been observed at much lower metformin concentrations in comparable cell culture protocols using metformin concentrations that are within the upper limits of its therapeutic plasma levels (4, 134).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In both studies, Arunachalam et al. (110) and Ghosh et al. (111) used 50 μM metformin and justified this concentration on the basis that estimates of metformin levels in the portal circulation following oral absorption are between 40 and 70 μM (4, 181).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Citations
Cites
Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Mechanism of Metformin Action
Zhou, G., Myers, R., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Shen, X., Fenyk-Melody, J., Wu, M., Ventre, J., Doebber, T., Fujii, N., et al. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci13505 · Cited by 5,652
The Kinase LKB1 Mediates Glucose Homeostasis in Liver and Therapeutic Effects of Metformin
Shaw, R. J., Lamia, K. A., Vasquez, D., Koo, S.-H., Bardeesy, N., DePinho, R. A., Montminy, M., & Cantley, L. C. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1120781 · Cited by 1,950
El-Mir, M.-Y., Nogueira, V., Fontaine, E., Avéret, N., Rigoulet, M., & Leverve, X. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.1.223 · Cited by 1,399
Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
Madiraju, A. K., Erion, D. M., Rahimi, Y., Zhang, X.-M., Braddock, D. T., Albright, R. A., Prigaro, B. J., Wood, J. L., Bhanot, S., MacDonald, M. J., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13270 · Cited by 1,284
Foretz, M., Hébrard, S., Leclerc, J., Zarrinpashneh, E., Soty, M., Mithieux, G., Sakamoto, K., Andreelli, F., & Viollet, B. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci40671 · Cited by 1,181
Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Stumvoll, M., Nurjhan, N., Perriello, G., Dailey, G., & Gerich, J. E. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199508313330903 · Cited by 1,148
Fullerton, M. D., Galic, S., Marcinko, K., Sikkema, S., Pulinilkunnil, T., Chen, Z.-P., O'Neill, H. M., Ford, R. J., Palanivel, R., O'Brien, M., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3372 · Cited by 893
Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP
Miller, R., Chu, Q., Xie, J., Foretz, M., Viollet, B., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11808 · Cited by 845
Use of Cells Expressing γ Subunit Variants to Identify Diverse Mechanisms of AMPK Activation
Hawley, S. A., Ross, F. A., Chevtzoff, C., Green, K. A., Evans, A., Fogarty, S., Towler, M. C., Brown, L. J., Ogunbayo, O. A., Evans, A. M., et al. (2010) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2010.04.001 · Cited by 773
Metformin pathways: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Gong, L., Goswami, S., Giacomini, K. M., Altman, R. B., & Klein, T. E. (2012) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283559b22 · Cited by 495
He, L., Sabet, A., Djedjos, S., Miller, R., Sun, X., Hussain, M. A., Radovick, S., & Wondisford, F. E. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.016 · Cited by 486
Accumulation of Metformin by Tissues of the Normal and Diabetic Mouse
Wilcock, C., & Bailey, C. J. (1994) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498259409043220 · Cited by 418
Jablonski, K. A., McAteer, J. B., de Bakker, P. I. W., Franks, P. W., Pollin, T. I., Hanson, R. L., Saxena, R., Fowler, S., Shuldiner, A. R., Knowler, W. C., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0543 · Cited by 271
Cao, J., Meng, S., Chang, E., Beckwith-Fickas, K., Xiong, L., Cole, R. N., Radovick, S., Wondisford, F. E., & He, L. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.567271 · Cited by 173
Lee, Y. J., Jeschke, G. R., Roelants, F. M., Thorner, J. W., & Turk, B. E. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00897-12 · Cited by 126
Control of Gluconeogenesis by Metformin: Does Redox Trump Energy Charge?
Baur, J. A., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.013 · Cited by 72
Jin, H., Hong, S., Choi, M., Maeng, H., Kim, D., Chung, S., & Shim, C. (2008) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9770-5 · Cited by 53
Potential biomarker of metformin action
He, L., Meng, S., Germain‐Lee, E. L., Radovick, S., & Wondisford, F. E. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-14-0084 · Cited by 23
Cited by
Sorted by citations
AMPK: Mechanisms of Cellular Energy Sensing and Restoration of Metabolic Balance
Garcia, D., & Shaw, R. J. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.032 · Cited by 2,061
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action
LaMoia, T. E., & Shulman, G. I. (2021) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa023 · Cited by 791
Metformin: update on mechanisms of action and repurposing potential
Foretz, M., Guigas, B., & Viollet, B. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00833-4 · Cited by 791
Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Foretz, M., Guigas, B., & Viollet, B. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0242-2 · Cited by 686
AMPK as a Therapeutic Target for Treating Metabolic Diseases
Day, E. A., Ford, R. J., & Steinberg, G. R. (2017) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2017.05.004 · Cited by 630
Metadata
- Authors
- He, L., & Wondisford, F. E.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wondisford, Fredric E.
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-162
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080654617
- Cited by
- 448
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 14.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Keywords
- metformin, type 2 diabetes, mechanism of action, therapeutic drug concentrations, oral antidiabetic drugs, pharmacokinetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Metformin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
