The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity
Open accessAbstract
Dietary carbohydrate restriction has been purported to cause endocrine adaptations that promote body fat loss more than dietary fat restriction. We selectively restricted dietary carbohydrate versus fat for 6 days following a 5-day baseline diet in 19 adults with obesity confined to a metabolic ward where they exercised daily. Subjects received both isocaloric diets in random order during each of two inpatient stays. Body fat loss was calculated as the difference between daily fat intake and net fat oxidation measured while residing in a metabolic chamber. Whereas carbohydrate restriction led to sustained increases in fat oxidation and loss of 53 ± 6 g/day of body fat, fat oxidation was unchanged by fat restriction, leading to 89 ± 6 g/day of fat loss, and was significantly greater than carbohydrate restriction (p = 0.002). Mathematical model simulations agreed with these data, but predicted that the body acts to minimize body fat differences with prolonged isocaloric diets varying in carbohydrate and fat.
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“In a controlled metabolic study conducted under isocaloric and tightly regulated dietary conditions, LC was associated with higher fat oxidation and lower insulin concentrations, whereas LF resulted in greater adipose tissue loss. Differences in total body mass loss were minimal [47].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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“In a very short but tightly controlled metabolic study with isocaloric diets with different macronutrient distributions, there were no differences in weight loss [47].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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Cites
Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange.
Frayn, K. N. (1983) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.628 · Cited by 2,365 · cited 1×
“The net macronutrient oxidation rates determined by the indirect calorimetry equations above include the influence of gluconeogenesis (GNG) from amino acids and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) from carbohydrates (Frayn, 1983).”
BackgroundWeight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D. R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708681 · Cited by 2,143 · cited 2×
“…that previously observed differences in weight loss and body fat change during outpatient diet interventions (Foster et al., 2010; Gardner et al., 2007; Shai et al., 2008) were primarily due to differences in overall calorie intake rather than any metabolic advantage of a low-carbohydrate diet.”
BackgroundGardner, C. D., Kiazand, A., Alhassan, S., Kim, S., Stafford, R. S., Balise, R. R., Kraemer, H. C., & King, A. C. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.9.969 · Cited by 1,051
Doubly Labelled Water: Theory and Practice
Speakman, J. R. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 739
Livesey, G., & Elia, M. (1988) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/47.4.608 · Cited by 583 · cited 3×
“Energy expenditure (EE) and net macronutrient oxidation rates were calculated using the coefficients derived by Livesey and Elia (Livesey and Elia, 1988)”
MethodInfluentialFoster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., Makris, A. P., Rosenbaum, D. L., Brill, C., Stein, R. I., Mohammed, B. S., Miller, B., Rader, D. J., et al. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005 · Cited by 520 · cited 4×
“Since diet adherence is likely the most important determinant of body fat loss, we suspect that previously observed differences in weight loss and body fat change during outpatient diet interventions (Foster et al., 2010; Gardner et al., 2007; Shai et al., 2008) were primarily due to differences in overall calorie int…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLow-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism
Westman, E. C., Feinman, R. D., Mavropoulos, J. C., Vernon, M. C., Volek, J. S., Wortman, J. A., Yancy, W. S., & Phinney, S. D. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.276 · Cited by 390 · cited 5×
“…previous claims about a metabolic advantage of carbohydrate restriction for enhancing body fat loss (Ludwig and Friedman, 2014; Taubes, 2007, 2011; Westman et al., 2007), our data and model simulations support the opposite conclusion 430 Cell Metabolism 22, 427–436, September 1, 2015 ª2015…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDas, S. K., Gilhooly, C. H., Golden, J. K., Pittas, A. G., Fuss, P. J., Cheatham, R. A., Tyler, S., Tsay, M., McCrory, M. A., Lichtenstein, A. H., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1023 · Cited by 314 · cited 1×
“As an alternative, controlled feeding studies can provide more useful physiological information, but diet adherence is often poor in outpatient studies even when participants are provided with all of their food (Das et al., 2007).”
BackgroundPredicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change, and energy intake in humans
Hall, K. D. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00559.2009 · Cited by 209 · cited 2×
“A mechanistic mathematical model of human macronutrient metabolism (Hall, 2010) was used to design the study and predict the metabolic response to each diet before the studywas conducted (Hall, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationYang, M. U., & Itallie, T. B. V. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108519 · Cited by 184
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Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
Schwartz, M. W., Seeley, R. J., Zeltser, L. M., Drewnowski, A., Ravussin, E., Redman, L. M., & Leibel, R. L. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2017-00111 · Cited by 727
Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition
Fothergill, E., Guo, J., Howard, L., Kerns, J. C., Knuth, N. D., Brychta, R., Chen, K. Y., Skarulis, M. C., Walter, M., Walter, P. J., et al. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21538 · Cited by 672
“which assumes that protein oxidation contributes 15% to the energy expenditure (6).”
BackgroundSelf-citationObesity energetics: body weight regulation and the effects of diet composition
Hall, K. D., & Guo, J. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.052 · Cited by 367
“The energy expended in physical activities is determined by their duration and intensity in proportion to overall body weight.(13) Thus, despite typically being less physically active, people with obesity often have similar daily energy costs for physical activity as those without obesity (Figure 1A)(14) and physical…”
Self-citationOmega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: A mechanistic update
Albracht-Schulte, K., Kalupahana, N. S., Ramalingam, L., Wang, S., Rahman, S. M., Robert-McComb, J., & Moustaid-Moussa, N. (2018) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012 · Cited by 355
“Unfortunately, work of this nature is expensive, labor intensive and generally of short duration with small sample sizes [91].”
BackgroundHall, K. D., Chen, K. Y., Guo, J., Lam, Y. Y., Leibel, R. L., Mayer, L. E., Reitman, M. L., Rosenbaum, M., Smith, S. R., Walsh, B. T., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.133561 · Cited by 330
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hall, K. D., Bemis, T., Brychta, R., Chen, K. Y., Courville, A., Crayner, E. J., Goodwin, S., Guo, J., Howard, L., Knuth, N. D., Miller, B. V., Prado, C. M., Siervo, M., Skarulis, M. C., Walter, M., Walter, P. J., & Yannai, L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Towson University (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Kevin D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 427-436
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4603544
- OpenAlex
- W1934358478
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 16.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2015-09-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (ZIADK013036, ZIADK013037)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- obesity, dietary fat restriction, carbohydrate restriction, fat loss, fat oxidation, isocaloric diet, endocrine adaptation, energy balance
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Obesity, Oxidation-Reduction, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
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