Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men
Open accessAbstract
Background The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity posits that habitual consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet sequesters fat within adipose tissue because of hyperinsulinemia and results in adaptive suppression of energy expenditure (EE). Therefore, isocaloric exchange of dietary carbohydrate for fat is predicted to result in increased EE, increased fat oxidation, and loss of body fat. In contrast, a more conventional view that "a calorie is a calorie" predicts that isocaloric variations in dietary carbohydrate and fat will have no physiologically important effects on EE or body fat.Objective We investigated whether an isocaloric low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) is associated with changes in EE, respiratory quotient (RQ), and body composition.Design Seventeen overweight or obese men were admitted to metabolic wards, where they consumed a high-carbohydrate baseline diet (BD) for 4 wk followed by 4 wk of an isocaloric KD with clamped protein. Subjects spent 2 consecutive days each week residing in metabolic chambers to measure changes in EE (EEchamber), sleeping EE (SEE), and RQ. Body composition changes were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Average EE during the final 2 wk of the BD and KD periods was measured by doubly labeled water (EEDLW).Results Subjects lost weight and body fat throughout the study corresponding to an overall negative energy balance of ∼300 kcal/d. Compared with BD, the KD coincided with increased EEchamber (57 ± 13 kcal/d, P = 0.0004) and SEE (89 ± 14 kcal/d, P < 0.0001) and decreased RQ (-0.111 ± 0.003, P < 0.0001). EEDLW increased by 151 ± 63 kcal/d (P = 0.03). Body fat loss slowed during the KD and coincided with increased protein utilization and loss of fat-free mass.Conclusion The isocaloric KD was not accompanied by increased body fat loss but was associated with relatively small increases in EE that were near the limits of detection with the use of state-of-the-art technology. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01967563.
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In overweight or obese men, a four-week isocaloric low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet was not accompanied by increased body fat loss compared with a high-carbohydrate baseline diet, but coincided with increased protein utilization and loss of fat-free mass.
“Compared with the baseline diet, the ketogenic diet was not accompanied by increased body fat loss but coincided with increased protein utilization and loss of fat-free mass [19].”
From Body Composition Changes in Weight Loss: Strategies and Supplementation for Maintaining Lean Body Mass, a Brief Review (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In comparisons conducted under matched energy intake, KD did not demonstrate superiority over higher carbohydrate diets in reducing body weight.
“In comparisons conducted under matched energy intake, KD did not demonstrate superiority over higher carbohydrate diets in reducing body weight [48].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
Differences in total body weight loss between KD and high carbohydrate diet were small.
“Differences in total body weight loss were, however, small [48].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
In a short-term, tightly controlled metabolic study comparing isocaloric diets, KD was associated with higher fat oxidation and lower insulin concentrations, whereas the high carbohydrate diet resulted in greater adipose tissue loss.
“In a short term, tightly controlled metabolic study comparing isocaloric diets, KD was associated with higher fat oxidation and lower insulin concentrations, whereas the high carbohydrate diet resulted in greater adipose tissue loss.”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
A ketogenic diet is characterized by a very low carbohydrate intake below 50 g/day and a high fat content typically providing 70 to 80% of total energy, and it results in the maintenance of a state of ketosis.
“KD characterized by a very low carbohydrate intake below 50 g/day and a high fat content typically providing 70 to 80% of total energy, results in the maintenance of state of ketosis [48].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
Metabolic studies conducted under conditions of balanced energy intake indicate that the KD is not superior to diets higher in carbohydrates in terms of fat loss.
“However, metabolic studies conducted under conditions of balanced energy intake indicate that the KD is not superior to diets higher in carbohydrates in terms of fat loss [48].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
More recent studies have indicated that weight loss is often similar to comparison diets in the long term, but low-carbohydrate diets may have advantages in reducing diabetic medication and reducing triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol.
“More recent studies have indicated that weight loss is often similar to comparison diets in the long term, but low-carbohydrate diets may have advantages in reducing diabetic medication and reducing triglycerides, while increasing HDL cholesterol [51–53, 54••, 55, 56••].”
From Benefits of low carbohydrate diets: a settled question or still controversial? (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
In one study, energy expenditure was 151 kcal/d higher for the very-low-carbohydrate diet as measured by the doubly labeled water method.
“The results indicated EE was 151 kcal/d higher for the very-low-carbohydrate diet as measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method.”
From Benefits of low carbohydrate diets: a settled question or still controversial? (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Results from two well-controlled metabolic ward studies support the conclusion that substitution of fat in place of carbohydrates results in higher energy expenditure.
“Results from two well-controlled metabolic ward studies also support this conclusion, in terms of the substitution of fat in place of carbohydrates resulting in higher EE [55, 56••].”
From Benefits of low carbohydrate diets: a settled question or still controversial? (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
The more rapid total weight loss in the first few weeks observed from low-carbohydrate diets compared to low-fat diets likely involves loss of water weight and lean body mass, as evidenced from two well-controlled metabolic ward studies.
“The more rapid total weight loss in the first few weeks observed from low-carbohydrate diets compared to low-fat diets likely involves loss of water weight and lean body mass, as evidenced from two well-controlled metabolic ward studies [55, 56].”
From Benefits of low carbohydrate diets: a settled question or still controversial? (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Hall, K. D., Chen, K. Y., Guo, J., Lam, Y. Y., Leibel, R. L., Mayer, L. E., Reitman, M. L., Rosenbaum, M., Smith, S. R., Walsh, B. T., & Ravussin, E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Kevin D
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 324-333
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4962163
- OpenAlex
- W2469199053
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 28.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1 TR00040)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (UL1 TR00040, P30DK026687, P30DK072476)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, isocaloric diet, energy expenditure, body composition, obesity, overweight men, respiratory quotient, fat oxidation, fat-free mass loss, protein utilization, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Male, Obesity, Weight Loss, Overweight, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Diet, Ketogenic
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