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When deaf signers read English: Do written words activate their sign translations?
Open accessAbstract
Deaf bilinguals for whom American Sign Language (ASL) is the first language and English is the second language judged the semantic relatedness of word pairs in English. Critically, a subset of both the semantically related and unrelated word pairs were selected such that the translations of the two English words also had related forms in ASL. Word pairs that were semantically related were judged more quickly when the form of the ASL translation was also similar whereas word pairs that were semantically unrelated were judged more slowly when the form of the ASL translation was similar. A control group of hearing bilinguals without any knowledge of ASL produced an entirely different pattern of results. Taken together, these results constitute the first demonstration that deaf readers activate the ASL translations of written words under conditions in which the translation is neither present perceptually nor required to perform the task.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Morford, J. P., Wilkinson, E., Villwock, A., Piñar, P., & Kroll, J. F.
- Affiliations
- U.S. National Science Foundation (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morford, Jill P.
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 286-292
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3034361
- OpenAlex
- W2148773149
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 26.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01-HD053146)
- National Science Foundation (SBE-0541953, BCS-0418071)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- deaf signers, American Sign Language, English reading, sign translation, semantic relatedness, lexical access, bilingualism, sign language translation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Semantics, Sign Language, Multilingualism, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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