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Ways of looking ahead: Hierarchical planning in language production
Open accessAbstract
It is generally assumed that language production proceeds incrementally, with chunks of linguistic structure planned ahead of speech. Extensive research has examined the scope of language production and suggests that the size of planned chunks varies across contexts (Ferreira & Swets, 2002; Wagner & Jescheniak, 2010). By contrast, relatively little is known about the structure of advance planning, specifically whether planning proceeds incrementally according to the surface structure of the utterance, or whether speakers plan according to the hierarchical relationships between utterance elements. In two experiments, we examine the structure and scope of lexical planning in language production using a picture description task. Analyses of speech onset times and word durations show that speakers engage in hierarchical planning such that structurally dependent lexical items are planned together and that hierarchical planning occurs for both direct and indirect dependencies.
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“Even under those circumstances, participants often choose not to plan the entire utterance but only a first chunk, often corresponding to one or two words, before beginning to speak.”
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“This strategy can lead to disfluencies or pauses after the first chunk”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, E.-K., Brown-Schmidt, S., & Watson, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Eun-Kyung
- ORCID
- Lee, Eun-Kyung
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 544-562
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3909534
- OpenAlex
- W2059694360
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (R01DC008774)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- language production, hierarchical planning, utterance structure, surface structure, structural dependence, picture description task, word duration
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Speech, Speech Production Measurement, Verbal Behavior, Executive Function
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