The illusory truth effect leads to the spread of misinformation
Open accessAbstract
Misinformation can negatively impact people's lives in domains ranging from health to politics. An important research goal is to understand how misinformation spreads in order to curb it. Here, we test whether and how a single repetition of misinformation fuels its spread. Over two experiments (N = 260) participants indicated which statements they would like to share with other participants on social media. Half of the statements were repeated and half were new. The results reveal that participants were more likely to share statements they had previously been exposed to. Importantly, the relationship between repetition and sharing was mediated by perceived accuracy. That is, repetition of misinformation biased people's judgment of accuracy and as a result fuelled the spread of misinformation. The effect was observed in the domain of health (Exp 1) and general knowledge (Exp 2), suggesting it is not tied to a specific domain.
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- Authors
- Vellani, V., Zheng, S., Ercelik, D., & Sharot, T.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Vellani, Valentina
- Sharot, Tali
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 236
- Pages
- 105421
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10636596
- OpenAlex
- W4323051579
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 11 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 35.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ELARTU (Ternopil National Technical University) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (214268/Z/18/Z)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- illusory truth effect, misinformation, misinformation spread, repetition, social sharing, perceived accuracy, health misinformation, general knowledge, social media
- MeSH terms
- Communication, Humans, Illusions, Judgment, Politics, Knowledge, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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