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The socially extended mind
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“Decades of research have already shown that technologies, artifacts, and social partners can become constitutive elements of human cognitive ecologies [8,24,37].”
From 4E cognition and the coevolution of human–AI interaction (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
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“The guiding thesis is that cognition is embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended [24,71], [47].”
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“In the 4E view, meaning arises not from internal representations alone, but through sensorimotor coupling with the environment, affordance-responsiveness, and norm-governed interaction with others [24,48].”
From 4E cognition and the coevolution of human–AI interaction (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
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Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998) · Analysis · doi:10.1093/analys/58.1.7 · Cited by 6,333 · cited 4×
“Rowlands (2009), in response to the cognitive bloat argument, has suggested that part of what qualifies a process as cognitive is that it is owned by the agent.”
BackgroundInfluentialNavigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers
Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.070039597 · Cited by 3,225
Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory
Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(74)80011-3 · Cited by 1,909
Participatory sense-making: An enactive approach to social cognition
De Jaegher, H., & Di Paolo, E. (2007) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-007-9076-9 · Cited by 1,640
Extraneous factors in judicial decisions
Danziger, S., Levav, J., & Avnaim-Pesso, L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1018033108 · Cited by 1,431
Small, D. A., Loewenstein, G. F., & Slovic, P. (2006) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.01.005 · Cited by 1,041
Philosophy of Mind : Classical and Contemporary Readings
Chalmers, D. J. (2021) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 989
Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition.
Bargh, J. A. (1989) · Cited by 975
Can social interaction constitute social cognition?
De Jaegher, H., Di Paolo, E., & Gallagher, S. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.009 · Cited by 911
Self-citation“If I look at the mass I will never act”: Psychic numbing and genocide
Slovic, P. (2007) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500000061 · Cited by 892
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“Um aspecto para o qual a quarta onda chama atenção é a criação conjunta de significados que acontecem dentro das instituições (Gallagher, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialRaeff, C. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050436.003.0006
Raeff, C. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050436.003.0004
Raeff, C. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050436.003.0008
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“En partie pour répondre à cette critique, la première vague de travaux sur la cognition étendue a laissé la place à une deuxième vague (Merritt et al., 2013 ; Gallagher, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialKozak, M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.003.0005
Kozak, M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.003.0007
Kozak, M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.003.0001
Kozak, M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.003.0004
Kozak, M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.003.0003
Nelson, E. S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316459447.016
Kozak, M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.003.0002
Kozak, M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.003.0006
Gallagher, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198846345.003.0003
Self-citationGallagher, S. (2021) · The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosm111.pub2
Self-citationVesper, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53410-6_65
Tools as Extenders: The Pathway to Functional Incorporation
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The Constitution-Turn and Extended Conscious Mind
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King, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15798-1_4
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“According to a way of thinking that goes as far back as the presocratic philosopher Anaxagoras, our conception of rationality would be different if we evolved without hands (Gallagher 2013a; 2018).”
Self-citationGallagher, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198846345.002.0004
Self-citationGallagher, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198846345.002.0003
Self-citation(2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198794400.002.0005
(2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198794400.002.0003
Kozak, M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.002.0004
Kozak, M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080204.002.0005
Raeff, C. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050436.002.0005
Raeff, C. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050436.002.0003
Catherine, R. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050436.002.0010 · Cited by 1
Integration of cognitive dynamics in the project to address the challenges of climate change.
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“This implies that our actions, thinking, and cognitive tools are inextricably linked with the surrounding material and social world, offering a novel perspective on the design and interaction with our built environment as an extended entity[7].”
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Sandberg, A. (2025) · Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.55613/jeet.v35i2.170
“One can speak of “mental institutions” that act as extended cognition for their members (Gallagher & Crisafi 2009), and by the parity principle actually does constitute cognitive processes (Gallagher 2013).”
Review of Shaun Gallagher's Embodied and Enactive Approaches to Cognition (2023)
Шурма, С. Г. (2025) · Theatralia · doi:10.5817/ty2025-1-8
“(GALLAGHER 2013: 11) The third wave, according to Gal-lagher, looks into the idea of predictive processing and the relation between extended cognition and enactive approaches (25).”
Implicit narrativizing and communicative understanding
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Cognitive roles and time scales of environmental resources in 4E cognition
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“Socially extended cognition, as proposed by Gallagher ( 2013), 5 locates cognitive extension in immaterial resources, in contrast to traditional extended cognition’s reliance on material artifacts like Otto’s notebook.”
Aesthetic value, artistic value, and the socially extended mind
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“…unfolding of processes such as deciding, thinking, judging, and acting: an external resource is a constitutive part of a cognitive process if, without that part, the process would not be what it is and would not be able to take place (Gallagher, 2011, 2013; De Jaegher et al., 2010; Candiotto 2023).”
Invasão mental, afetividade situada e o Life Hack corporativo, de Jan Slaby
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Être ensemble et temporalités politiques
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Cognitive institutions and social niche construction
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“…constitute the market through task-dependent, self-reinforcing mechanisms (see Slors (2019), on symbiotic relations and task dependency; see Gallagher (2013) for the example of the legal systems as cognitive institution; see Petracca & Gal-lagher (2024) for an analysis of cryptocurrency in…”
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Extended Minds and Unconscious Alliances
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A coevolutionary account of normative human–AI interaction
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“The notion of the extended mind has shown that cognitive processes can be distributed across brains, bodies, and artifacts [6, 14, 15, 27].”
Actions, routines, and the common pool of opportunities: Defining the institutional environment
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“(2016), Gallagher (2013), Petracca and Gallagher (2020, 2025), Frolov (2023) and Werner (2024).”
Video games as relational institutions: emotions, rules, and digital environments
Petit, E. (2026) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137426100861
“Cognition is also socially extended (Gallagher, 2013), taking into account the activities of coordination, competition, and cooperation that arise between players, whether outside or within guilds (Chen, 2009) [5].”
Minds in motion: The theory and practice of empathy as embodied joint action towards shared goals
Silva, B. R. O.-D., Ravi, K., & Li, Z. (2026) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2026.101308
Reframing the lived experience of persistent dizziness: insights from active inference
Broberg, M. A., Thacker, M., Friston, K. J., & Esteves, J. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1867836
“Socially extended cognition, in which a collective, participatory sense-making process is realized through interactions between individuals or groups (Gallagher, 2013; Gallagher, 2023), provides an important context for a person with persistent dizziness.”
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Nāgārjuna and the Recursive Self: A Structural Approach to Emptiness
Sawyer, C. H. (2026) · Comparative and Continental Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17570638.2026.2741042
Seeing Innovation Up Close: Distributed and Socially Extended Cognition in Strategic Conversations
Blom, N. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83742-526-620261041
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The pendular regulation model: a transdiagnostic approach to emotional regulation
Mambuca, A. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1813038
“Contemporary scholarship increasingly converges on the view that identity is neither a static essence nor a purely narrative artifact, but an emergent property of distributed neural and psychological processes (Gallagher, 2013; Metzinger, 2003).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gallagher, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gallagher, Shaun
- ORCID
- Gallagher, Shaun
- Venue
- Cognitive Systems Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 25-26
- Pages
- 4-12
- ISSN
- 1389-0417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114814877
- Cited by
- 378
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 10.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Systems Research (publishedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Cybernetics and Technology in Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- extended mind, social cognition, enactive cognition, social affordances, institutional framework, critical social theory
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