Identification of FDA approved drugs and nucleoside analogues as potential SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain inhibitor: An in silico study
Open accessAbstract
Coronaviruses are known to infect respiratory tract and intestine. These viruses possess highly conserved viral macro domain A1pp having adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose binding and phosphatase activity sites. A1pp inhibits adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation in the host and promotes viral infection and pathogenesis. We performed in silico screening of FDA approved drugs and nucleoside analogue library against the recently reported crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain. Docking scores and interaction profile analyses exhibited strong binding affinity of eleven FDA approved drugs and five nucleoside analogues NA1 (-13.84), nadide (-13.65), citicholine (-13.54), NA2 (-12.42), and NA3 (-12.27). The lead compound NA1 exhibited significant hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction at the natural substrate binding site. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface (SASA), hydrogen bond formation, principle component analysis, and free energy landscape calculations for NA1 bound protein displayed stable complex formation in 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation, compared to unbound macro domain and natural substrate adenosine-5-diphosphoribose bound macro domain that served as a positive control. The molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area analysis of NA1 demonstrated binding free energy of -175.978 ± 0.401 kJ/mol in comparison to natural substrate which had binding free energy of -133.403 ± 14.103 kJ/mol. In silico analysis by modelling tool ADMET and prediction of biological activity of these compounds further validated them as putative therapeutic molecules against SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, this study offers NA1 as a lead SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain inhibitor for future testing and development as therapeutics against human coronavirus.
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Self-citationSalaria, P., Niharika, D. G., Konavarapu, S. K., Amarendar Reddy, M., & Kim, S. Y. (2026) · Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/bab.70176
Tariq, S., Haleem, M. S., & Uddin, R. (2026) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d6ra02379g
Defining the Druggability of Viral Macrodomains in Coronaviruses and Alphaviruses
Biswas, B., Abraham, R., Bosch, J., & Leung, A. K. L. (2026) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2026.100162
- Authors
- Singh, A. K., Kushwaha, P. P., Prajapati, K. S., Shuaib, M., Gupta, S., & Kumar, S.
- Affiliations
- Central University of Punjab (IN)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kumar, Shashank
- Venue
- Computers in Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 130
- Pages
- 104185
- ISSN
- 0010-4825 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7749648
- OpenAlex
- W3117443160
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 4.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 293 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Computers in Biology and Medicine (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (1I01BX002494, W81XWH-19-1-0720, W81XWH18-1-0618)
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, ADP-ribosylation, drug repurposing, nucleoside analogues, FDA-approved drugs, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy, protein-ligand binding, antiviral agents
- MeSH terms
- SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Antiviral Agents, Binding Sites, Humans, Nucleosides, Protein Binding, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Drug Approval, Molecular Docking Simulation
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