No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance

Multitasking has been found to be negatively correlated with learning performance.

“However, multitasking has been found to be negatively correlated with learning performance (Bowman, Levine, Waite, & Gendron, 2010;Junco, 2012;Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010;Kraushaar & Novak, 2010;Rosen, Carrier, & Cheever, 2013) possibly due to the limited capacity of our cognitive resources (Rosen, Lim, Carrier, & Cheever, 2011;Wood et al., 2012;Wu & Peng, 2016).”

University students engaged in multitasking may mistakenly assume that they are performing media multitasking without sacrificing efficiency and effectiveness or as a strategy of information management.

“Nevertheless, university students engaged in multitasking may mistakenly assume that they are performing media multitasking without sacrificing efficiency and effectiveness (Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010) or as a strategy of information management (Junco & Cotten, 2012).”

Engagement in multitasking is negatively related with academic achievement.

“Consistent with previous studies, engagement in multitasking is negatively related with academic achievement (Gaudreau, Miranda, & Gareau, 2014;Junco & Cotten, 2012;Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010).”

Many university students use multitasking as a strategy for managing information.

“Many university students use multitasking as a strategy for managing information (Junco & Cotten, 2012)”

Students who spent more time on Facebook had lower GPAs than those who spent less time on the social networking site.

“Students who spent more time on Facebook had lower GPAs than those who spent less time on the social networking site (Junco and Cotten, 2012).”

Facebook or texting while completing schoolwork may tax students' capacity for cognitive processing, inhibiting deeper learning.

“Junco and Cotten (2012) surmised that Facebook or texting while completing schoolwork may tax students ' capacity for cognitive processing, inhibiting deeper learning.”

Higher levels of digital media use, particularly multitasking with multiple devices, have been associated with lower academic achievement.

“Higher levels of digital media use, particularly multitasking with multiple devices, have been associated with lower academic achievement (Junco and Cotten, 2012).”

Higher cognitive overload led to a decrease in ability to make decisions.

“leading to a decrease in their ability to make decisions (Junco and Cotten, 2012).”

Participants who spent more time on social networking sites showed a higher level of cognitive overload.

“In one study, participants who spent more time on social networking sites showed a higher level of cognitive overload, leading to a decrease in their ability to make decisions (Junco and Cotten, 2012).”

Formation of a Facebook-oriented social group smoothens the development of students.

“Actually, formation of Facebook oriented social group has been observed to smoothen development of student [22].”

Failure to maintain focused attention has become a major problem among university students.

“In fact, failure to maintain focused attention has become a major problem among university students.”

In a survey of 1774 college students in America, 51%, 33%, and 21% of the participants reported texting, using Facebook, and emailing, respectively, when doing schoolwork.

“in a survey of 1774 college students in America, Junco and Cotten (2012) found that 51%, 33%, and 21% of the participants reported texting, using Facebook, and emailing, respectively, when doing schoolwork.”