Stretch, sense, and innovate: Advances in next-generation strain sensors

Stretchable, Skin-Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review

Amjadi, M., Kyung, K., Park, I., & Sitti, M. (2016) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201504755 · Cited by 3,202

Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on Silver Nanowire–Elastomer Nanocomposite

Amjadi, M., Pichitpajongkit, A., Lee, S., Ryu, S., & Park, I. (2014) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn501204t · Cited by 2,350

Tunneling effect in a polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposite strain sensor

Hu, N., Karube, Y., Yan, C., Masuda, Z., & Fukunaga, H. (2008) · Acta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2008.02.030 · Cited by 992

Highly Sensitive Skin‐Mountable Strain Gauges Based Entirely on Elastomers

Lu, N., Lu, C., Yang, S., & Rogers, J. A. (2012) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201200498 · Cited by 824

Flexible Piezotronic Strain Sensor

Zhou, J., Gu, Y., Fei, P., Mai, W., Gao, Y., Yang, R., Bao, G., & Wang, Z. L. (2008) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl802367t · Cited by 818

Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Insights from Theory and Experiment

Parvate, S., Dixit, P., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08567 · Cited by 805

Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor

Hu, N., Karube, Y., Masahiro, A. R. A. I., Watanabe, T., Yan, C., Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Fukunaga, H. (2009) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.012 · Cited by 705

Piezoresistive Strain Sensors Made from Carbon Nanotubes Based Polymer Nanocomposites

Alamusi, A., Hu, N., Fukunaga, H., Atobe, S., Liu, Y., & Li, J. (2011) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s111110691 · Cited by 636

A stretchable strain sensor based on a metal nanoparticle thin film for human motion detection

Lee, J., Kim, S., Lee, J.-J., Yang, D., Park, B. C., Ryu, S., & Park, I. (2014) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c4nr03295k · Cited by 621

A high performance wearable strain sensor with advanced thermal management for motion monitoring

Tan, C., Dong, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, H., Huang, X., Zhou, Z., Jiang, J.-W., Long, Y., Jiang, P., Zhang, T., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17301-6 · Cited by 591

Multifunctional SBS-Based Strain Sensor on Interfacial Self-Assembly with Synergistic Conductive Network for Human Motion Recognition and Thermal Management

Song, H. C., Lu, X., He, Y., Wang, L., Dong, Y., Zhang, L., Feng, H., Jiang, Y., Liu, H., & Liu, C. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c18383 · Cited by 27

The 3R (recycling, recovery, and reuse) of fiber reinforced thermoset composites: paving the way for a circular economy

Kuila, C., Maji, A., Murmu, N. C., & Kuila, T. (2025) · RSC Applied Polymers · doi:10.1039/d5lp00249d · Cited by 10

Tribological behaviour of polymer materials: mechanisms, influencing factors, and control strategies

Ge, G., Wu, Y., He, Z., Wang, S., & van der Heide, E. (2026) · Journal of Polymer Research · doi:10.1007/s10965-026-05008-z · Cited by 10

Recent advances in intelligent wearable systems: from multiscale biomechanical features towards human motion intent prediction

Chen, S., Peng, C., Yang, B., Lin, J., Zhou, L., Jiang, Z., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., & Tang, L. (2026) · npj Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s44387-026-00083-5 · Cited by 9

Superhydrophobic Wearable Strain Sensors: From Strategic Design to Robustness Paradigm

Song, H., Liang, Y., Zhang, G., Long, K., Shi, K., Han, X., Liu, C., & Qing, Y. (2026) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi:10.1007/s40820-026-02220-w · Cited by 9

Functional Polymer Composites for Flexible Electronic Devices: From Material Design to Applications

Wu, Y., He, Z., & Wang, S. (2026) · Polymer Composites · doi:10.1002/pc.71242 · Cited by 8

Molecular Steric Engineering Enables High-Strength and Self-Healing Polyurethane Elastomer for Flexible and Sensitive Nanosensors

Wei, S., Guo, W., Li, A., Lv, M., Kong, L., Xu, C., Gu, T., & Zhang, B. (2026) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.5c04892 · Cited by 4

Polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate dual-network axial heterostructure gel fibers for high-efficiency moisture-induced electricity generation and wearable sensing

Fang, J., Zhao, Z., Xu, Z., & Ni, Q. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149751 · Cited by 3

Development and properties of biodegradable PBAT/PPy/ETTPBAT yarn strain sensors

Nan, H. J., Zhang, C., Liu, J., Li, C., Liu, C., Wang, S., & Dong, Y. (2025) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2025.116901 · Cited by 2

Rational Engineering of π-Conjugated Polymer/rGO/Ecoflex Hybrid Networks for Highly Sensitive and Robust Piezoresistive Sensing

Maji, A., Kuila, C., Mandal, B., Murmu, N. C., & Kuila, T. (2025) · ACS Applied Electronic Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaelm.5c02366 · Cited by 2

Towards Advanced Intelligent and Perceptive Soft Grippers

Kim, H., Shin, H., Park, S.-J., Shim, C., & Joe, S. (2026) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202501459 · Cited by 2

Wavy-microstructure-sandwiched flexible composite towards wearable monitoring and acoustic detecting

Li, D., Li, Z., Duan, S., Lou, C., Li, W., Fan, Z., Gong, X., Ma, H., & Xuan, S. (2025) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113023 · Cited by 1

Interface-Engineered Hybrid Networks to Resolve the Trade-Off Between Sensitivity and Detection Range in Flexible Strain Sensors

Maji, A., Kuila, C., Murmu, N. C., & Kuila, T. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Letters · doi:10.1109/lsens.2025.3639618 · Cited by 1

UV-Curable Silane-Modified Polyurethane Acrylate with High Stretch Ability and Sensitivity for Flexible Sensors

Tian, X., Sun, Y., Wang, T., Duan, T., Guo, H., Su, H., Zhang, X., Kou, X., Jia, F., & Gao, G. (2026) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.5c04342 · Cited by 1

Advances in textile-based supercapacitors: Materials, design, and performance for wearable electronics

Azam, F., Sarwar, A., Sarwar, R., Mushtaq, B., Ahmad, F., Rasheed, A., Ahmad, S., Khaliq, J., & Rasul, S. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.122751 · Cited by 1

Breathable and Mechanically Robust Textile Electrode Based on Grooved Silver-Plated Fibers for Reliable Long-Term ECG Monitoring

Zhang, M., Wang, W., Yuan, Y., Wen, D., Farghaly, M., Zhang, C., Yan, S., Quan, Y., & Xiao, X. (2026) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.5c04862 · Cited by 1

Direct Ink Writing of Silicone Elastomer Composites as Wearable Strain Sensor: From Materials to Applications for Physiological Health Monitoring

Anant, T., Sahu, D., Prabhakar, O. P., & Sahu, R. K. (2026) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.71379 · Cited by 1

Vertically-aligned Ti 2 CT x on carbon cloth for high-performance flexible pressure sensors

Zhou, J., Duan, Z., Li, L., Jiang, K., & Chen, D. (2026) · Journal of Semiconductors · doi:10.1088/1674-4926/25120033 · Cited by 1

Printable Strain Sensing Ink with Ultra‐Low Detection Limit

Li, Q., Cheng, M., Tian, K., Chen, C., Wen, M., & Deng, H. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202532179 · Cited by 1

A dual-functional smart sensor integrating 3D-printed technology and thermoresponsive hydrogel for mechanical sensing and adaptive thermal management

Chen, Y., Zhou, F., Zhang, T. A., Zhang, X., Wang, W., & Dg, Y. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.179352 · Cited by 1

Surface and Interfacial Engineering toward Durable Mechanically Coupled Flexible Electronics

Wang, Q., Dai, F., & Wu, W. H. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.76797 · Cited by 1

High-Sensitivity, Broad-Range Pressure Sensing via a Molecular Piezoelectric Sponge

Wang, J., Tang, Z.-X., Li, Z., Zhao, H., Long, L., & Zheng, L. (2025) · ACS Applied Electronic Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaelm.5c02521

Crack-Modulation Strategy Enabled Flexible Strain Sensor with Ultra-High Gauge Factor and Broad Strain Range for Wearable Health Monitoring

Cheng, K., Liu, B. L., & Wang, D. (2026) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.5c05412

Strain Monitoring of confined interpenetrating conductive elastomers for isolation bearings

Wan, B., Yuan, Y. C., Yang, Y., Guo, R., Yu, X., & Yan, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Mechanical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2026.111379

Merging Supramolecular Chemistry With Nanotechnology for Hydrogel‐Based Soft Electronics

Pande, S., Sahu, I., Pati, F., & Chakraborty, P. (2026) · ChemNanoMat · doi:10.1002/cnma.202500722 · Cited by 2

Chemosensors and Biosensors: Fabrication, Recent Advances, and Applications

Aderibigbe, A. S., Oladebeye, A. O., & Akinnusotu, A. (2026) · Current Topics in Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0129504023428586260226180958

Near-Infrared-Assisted Direct Ink Writing of Multicolor Conductive Polydimethylsiloxane for Customizable Strain Sensors

Zhang, J., Shi, G., Miao, J., & Liu, R. (2026) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.6c00464

Performance Study of Microcrack Sensor Prepared by Screen Printing

Liu, J., An, Y., Gao, Y., Wang, F., Feng, H., Zhou, R., Mo, L., Wu, X., & Sun, J. (2026) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.70807

Advancements in fiber- and yarn-based resistive strain sensors: Materials, structures, and fabrication strategies for wearable applications

Alave, R. K. K., Toki, G. F. I., & Mia, R. (2026) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2026.111231

Synergistic Interface Engineering of Dopamine and SDBS for Constructing High-Performance Graphene/Sponge Composites With Enhanced Stability and Sensitivity

Chen, H., Mao, Z., Zhang, T. Y., Zhang, X., & Min, F. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c15396

Decoupling Stiffness and Toughness in Solid Polymer Electrolytes via Reversible Crystallization

Fujisawa, S., Hashimoto, K., Tamate, R., Kamiyama, Y., Nishikawa, K., Miwa, Y., Kutsumizu, S., Sakai, T., & Mayumi, K. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c05382

Machine learning-driven optimization of the tunability—Efficiency trade-off in dual-modulated MoS2/WSe2 van der Waals optoelectronics

Sinha, A. K., & Akancha, D. (2026) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0340063

Additive manufacturing of advanced electronic devices: a comprehensive review of materials, processes, and applications

Karuniawan, B. W., Bhat, C., Dong, J., Wang, L., Ramezani, M., & Jiang, C. (2026) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-026-18820-0

HNBR / SWCNT Composites Based Flexible Conductive Film With an Excellent Electromechanical Synergy for Sensors and Wearable Electronics

Shao, Y., Zhang, L., Zhuang, Z., Pan, Y., & Liu, G. (2026) · Polymer Engineering and Science · doi:10.1002/pen.70820

Fabrication Routes for Ionic Conducting Fiber Strain Sensors

Kershaw, L., 杨占红, Skov, A. L., & Skowyra, M. (2026) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.71219

Physics-informed neural networks for robust fiber speckle thermometry

Thonglek, K., & Srimek, K. (2026) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111481

Achieving simultaneously high sensitivity, strain range, and stability with templated graphene composite sensorsPreprint

(12508603), R. I. C. C., Graf, A. A., Large, M. J., Lynch, P. J., Ogilvie, S. P., King, A. A. K., & Dalton, A. Β. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7445985

Bioinspired cobweb flexible dual-modal sensor constructed by laser engraving for complex environmental monitoring

Zhang, S., Min, J., Zhu, C., & Ding, F. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.181687

3D-printed high-performance flexible strain sensors with integrated micro-porous and macro-biomimetic structures

Zhang, Y., He, W., Zhang, P., Xue, B., Hu, G.-Q., & Li, R. (2026) · Additive Manufacturing Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.amf.2026.200406

High-performance FBG strain sensing based on frequency-shifted interferometry fiber cavity ringdown

Ou, Y., Xie, Z., He, C., Yanjun, 赵. Z., Li, C., & Lv, H. (2026) · Optical and Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1007/s11082-026-09212-5

Architecting Co-continuous PVDF Composites via Multi-material 3D Parallel Printing for Enhanced Piezoelectricity and Wearable Sensing

Yuan, M., Zhang, H., Peng, L., Li, X., Guo, Y., Ke, F., Wang, H., Chen, Y., & Sun, J. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c17324

Architecture-driven electromechanical behaviour and crack-based modelling of 3D printed multifunctional strain-sensing composites

Sankar, M., Esposito, P., Barile, G., Velu, R., Stornelli, V., & AMBROSINI, D. (2026) · Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2026.110391

An all-in-one electronic skin integrating strain sensing, energy storage, and EMI shielding for intelligent motion assessment

Wang, C., Su, Y., Zhang, H., Xie, H., Liu, Z., Guan, H., & Chen, G. (2026) · Materials Today Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2026.104122

Recent developments in bio-monitoring via advanced polymer nanocomposite-based wearable strain sensors

Lu, Y., Biswas, M. C., Guo, Z., Jeon, J., & Wujcik, E. K. (2018) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.037 · Cited by 398

Polymer-based wearable nano-composite sensors: a review

Tuli, A., & Singh, A. P. (2023) · International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization · doi:10.1080/1023666x.2022.2161737 · Cited by 15

Next-Generation Wearable and Stretchable Strain Sensors for Healthcare: Materials, Mechanisms, Architectures, and ApplicationsPreprint

Akanbi, O. S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6576482

Flexible strain sensors for wearable applications fabricated using novel functional nanocomposites: A review

Khalid, M. A. U., & Chang, S. (2022) · Composite Structures · doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115214 · Cited by 206

Polymer-based strain sensors: review

Zhang, C., Zhang, X., Qi, X., Liu, Y., Li, N., Zeng, F., Jiang, S., & Ding, J. (2024) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-024-12923-8 · Cited by 10