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Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans
Open accessAbstract
Respiratory tract infections can be caused by a wide variety of viruses. Airborne transmission via droplets and aerosols enables some of these viruses to spread efficiently among humans, causing outbreaks that are difficult to control. Many outbreaks have been investigated retrospectively to study the possible routes of inter-human virus transmission. The results of these studies are often inconclusive and at the same time data from controlled experiments is sparse. Therefore, fundamental knowledge on transmission routes that could be used to improve intervention strategies is still missing. We here present an overview of the available data from experimental and observational studies on the transmission routes of respiratory viruses between humans, identify knowledge gaps, and discuss how the available knowledge is currently implemented in isolation guidelines in health care settings.
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“Physical interventions, such as the use of masks and physical distancing measures, might prevent the spread of respiratory viruses which are considered to be transmitted by multiple modes of transmission including by respiratory particles of varying sizes spreading from infected to susceptible people and through direct and indirect contact (Kutter 2018; Leung 2021).”
From Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (2023) · cites this paper as Kutter 2018
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“In addition, transmission of respiratory viruses is likely highly complex, dependent on multiple host, virus and environmental factors, plus the myriad of interactions between these factors, which may influence the predominant modes of transmission in any given setting (Broderick 2008; Hendley 1988; Kutter 2018; Leung 2021).”
From Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (2023) · cites this paper as Kutter 2018
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Outcomes of Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Nursing Home Residents: A Matched Cohort Analysis
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Shenoy, N., Ballal, N. V., Rani, U., V, Kotian, H., & Vani Lakshmi, R. (2021) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.39.265.29003 · Cited by 7
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Heneghan, C. J., Spencer, E. A., Brassey, J., Plüddemann, A., Onakpoya, I., Oke, J. L., Evans, D. H., Conly, J. M., & Jefferson, T. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.52091.3 · Cited by 6
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Jiang, Y., Lu, J., Tan, Z., Wan, H., Tang, M., Li, J., Zhou, T., & Tang, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1614985 · Cited by 5
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Premenopausal and postmenopausal women during the COVID-19 pandemic
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“[13] Moreover, in the pandemic situation with COVID‑19 disease breakdown, special emphasis has been given to regulate infection control and minimize aerosol production since SARS‑CoV‑2 is shown to have high transmissibility through bioaerosols.”
Pengaruh Etika Bisnis dalam Kegiatan Berwirausaha di Era Pandemi Covid-19
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“Respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, can infect their hosts through aerosols [4,5].”
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BackgroundSo we now have RSV vaccines. What’s our next steps?
Blondeau, J. M. (2024) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2024.2331764 · Cited by 5
“Transmission from aerosols – while possible – seems less likely [6].”
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A Bluetooth and Vision Controlled Automatic Guided Vehicle
Xiang, W. C., & Fhong, S. C. (2022) · Emerging Advances in Integrated Technology · doi:10.30880/emait.2022.03.01.007 · Cited by 4
“Virus transmission has two different kinds such as direct or indirect [3].”
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“5% decrease in confirmed influenza cases in the 2020/2021 epidemic season, across all age groups [15,16].”
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“As members of the same genus, HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 are closely related genetically (14) and they are transmitted by aerosols and droplets and replicate in human respiratory epithelium (15).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Human Rhinovirus RNA Reference Material Using Digital PCR
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“The influenza H1N1 virus is an influenza A virus species and is transmitted via physical contact and droplet transmission, causing respiratory illnesses [6] and manifesting as cough and fever symptoms similar to the common cold [7].”
COVID-19: Understanding the Pandemic Emergence, Impact and Infection Prevalence Worldwide
Dey, P., Vaijayanthimala, S., Dalvi, V., Jain, A., Gola, D., Bajpai, M., Bharti, R. K., & Chauhan, N. (2020) · Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.22207/jpam.14.4.02 · Cited by 4
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Preparedness of ICU networks for pandemics
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Respiratory virus deterrence induced by modified mask filter
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Is the Increased Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Driven by within or Outside-Host Processes?
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A novel and versatile cough simulator for respiratory disease studies
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Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
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Redefining aerosol in dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic
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“SARS‐CoV‐2 can migrate >6 feet.[43] Table 5: Summary of aerosol‐generating procedures[17]”
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Design and testing of a sew-free origami mask for improvised respiratory protection
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Optimal control of pandemics via a sociodemographic model of non-pharmaceutical interventions
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kutter, J. S., Spronken, M. I., Fraaij, P. L., Fouchier, R. A., & Herfst, S.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Herfst, Sander
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Virology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 28
- Pages
- 142-151
- ISSN
- 1879-6257 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7102683
- OpenAlex
- W2786432367
- Cited by
- 611
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 13.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Virology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Seventh Framework Programme (602525)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (91715372)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Keywords
- respiratory viruses, human-to-human transmission, transmission routes, airborne transmission, droplet transmission, respiratory infections, outbreak investigation, infection control, knowledge gaps
- MeSH terms
- Aerosols, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Influenza, Human, Measles virus, Influenza A virus, Respiratory Tract Infections, Retrospective Studies, Virus Diseases, Observational Studies as Topic
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