Cited by 147Phonocardiography and Auscultation TechniquesUltrasound in Clinical ApplicationsClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills

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Cardiac Auscultation: Rediscovering the Lost Art

Chizner, Michael A.·2008·Current Problems in Cardiology

DOI 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2008.03.003

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Abstract

Cardiac auscultation, long considered the centerpiece of the cardiac clinical examination, is rapidly becoming a lost art. Inadequate emphasis on the essentials of cardiac auscultation has resulted from the widespread availability of more elaborate and expensive "high-tech" diagnostic and therapeutic methods, particularly Doppler echocardiography. However, sophisticated high technology is not a substitute for a solid foundation in clinical cardiology including cardiac auscultation. When used properly, the stethoscope remains a valuable and cost-effective clinical tool that often enables many well-trained and experienced cardiac auscultators to make a rapid and accurate cardiac diagnosis with fewer, if any, additional studies. Not every patient needs every test. Accordingly, this monograph reviews the fundamental principles of the art of cardiac auscultation. Emphasis is placed on the proper use of the stethoscope and the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the myriad heart sounds and murmurs present in patients with and without symptomatic heart disease. A practical clinical overview of the common auscultatory findings encountered in a variety of cardiac disease states and conditions will also be discussed. This monograph will inspire many practitioners to pick up their stethoscope, practice their cardiac examination, perfect their auscultatory skills, and reap the rewards of rediscovering this time-honored method of evaluating the cardiovascular system.

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Authors: Chizner, M. A.
Corresponding author: Chizner, Michael A.
Venue: Current Problems in Cardiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 33
Issue: 7
Pages: 326-408
ISSN: 0146-2806 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2008.03.003
OpenAlex: W2012784465
Cited by: 144
References: 209
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Current Problems in Cardiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Ultrasound in Clinical Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Keywords: cardiac auscultation, stethoscope, heart sounds, heart murmurs, Doppler echocardiography, heart disease diagnosis, cardiovascular assessment
MeSH terms: Heart Auscultation, Heart Diseases, Heart Sounds, Humans

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Cardiac Auscultation: Rediscovering the Lost Art

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