The DOI matches its Crossref record; 125 of the 127 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex and chronic disorder that causes substantial distress and interferes with social and educational functioning. Consequently, identifying the risk factors that make a child more likely to experience traumatic distress is of academic, clinical and social importance. This meta-analysis estimated the population effect sizes of 25 potential risk factors for PTSD in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years across 64 studies (N=32,238). Medium to large effect sizes were shown for many factors relating to subjective experience of the event and post-trauma variables (low social support, peri-trauma fear, perceived life threat, social withdrawal, comorbid psychological problem, poor family functioning, distraction, PTSD at time 1, and thought suppression); whereas pre-trauma variables and more objective measures of the assumed severity of the event generated small to medium effect sizes. This indicates that subjective peri-trauma factors and post-event factors are likely to have a major role in determining whether a child develops PTSD following exposure to a traumatic event. Such factors could potentially be assessed following a potentially traumatic event in order to screen for those most vulnerable to developing PTSD and target treatment efforts accordingly. The findings support the cognitive model of PTSD as a way of understanding its development and guiding interventions to reduce symptoms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Trauma severity-objectively determined-is most strongly associated with risk of developing PTSD (Trickey et al, 2012).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Trickey et al, 2012
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis in children has shown low to medium effect sizes for gender, ethnicity, pre-trauma psychological problems, and parental psychological problems.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Trickey et al, 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748 · Cited by 5,243
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,840
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 127 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 828
Teil A: Grundwissen und Grundinterventionen
Baierl, M. (2015) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666402456.19
Southard-Dobbs, S. (2016) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc862807
Stress and Reactions to Stress in Children
Trickey, D. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119170235.ch19
Self-citation(2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316481424.011
Teil II: Ausgewählte psychische Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters
(2017) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666491665.145
School Based Mental Health as it relates to Student Outcomes
Vierod, K. K. (2016) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis)
PERITRAUMATIC FACTORS AND POSTTRAUMATIC SYMPTOMS IN CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE CASES
Eglītis, R., & Landmane, D. (2017) · Sveikatos mokslai · doi:10.5200/sm-hs.2017.063
Karteris, V., & Antoniou, A.-S. G. (2017) · Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Επιστημών Εκπαίδευσης · doi:10.12681/edusc.874
Bustamante, A. C. (2017) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Psychopharmacological Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders in Naval Military Subjects
Pérez, A. D., Aragón, E. E. P., Cataño, C. L. M., Rubio, M. D. T., & Quiroz, E. N. (2018) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v10n3p33
Smith Mathew, B. (2018) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2018.09.00516
Hallam, S. (2018) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/9976
De invloed van opvoeding op PTSS bij kinderen: een meta-analytische beschouwing
Williamson, V., Creswell, C., Fearon, P. R. M., Hiller, R. M., Walker, J., & Halligan, S. L. (2018) · Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd · doi:10.1007/s12440-018-0076-6
Chilean Children 7 Years After the 2010 Earthquake and Tsunami
Bianchi, M. L., Araneda, A., Fresno, A., & Spencer, R. (2019) · Integrating psychiatry and primary care · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15872-9_6
Thomson, T. L. (2018) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
Les enfants vague après vague dans les attentats...
Vila, G. (2019) · Perspectives Psy · doi:10.1051/ppsy/201958270
Die neue S3-Leitlinie Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS)
Rosner, R., Gutermann, J., Landolt, M. A., Plener, P. L., & Steil, R. (2020) · Trauma und Gewalt · doi:10.21706/tg-14-2-122
Trauma-Related Mental Illness in Children and Adolescents
Lewis, S. J., & Danese, A. (2020) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0753-8_64-1
Morillon, B., & Dupont, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-76474-5.00029-3
Mental Health Across the Life Course
Norrington, J. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Adolescent Threats and Violence: An Intriguing Difference
Leach, C., Harden, S., Heath, A., Hayes, J., Newcombe, C., Johnston, M., & Hasan, T. (2021) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854820983854
Zhang, J., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Jones, B. L., Smith, P. A., Dalgleish, T., Boyle, A. A., Dixon, C., Sinclaire-Harding, L., Schweizer, S., Newby, J. M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/52exk
Self-citationSimmons, C. (2020) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
An Exploratory Study of Trauma Screening Procedures and Instruments in Schools
Frank, S. (2020) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Identifying Maltreated Youths at Heightened Risk for Posttraumatic Symptoms
Ross, E. H. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34917/6456442
Ehrenreich, H., Krampe, H., & Sirén, A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119159322.ch24
Exenberger, S., Wenter, A., Taferner, C., Haid-Stecher, N., Schickl, M., Juen, B. H., Sevecke, K., & Siller, H. U. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1227969/v1
(2019) · Journal of Medical Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.47485/2767-5416.1003
Trauma-Informed Social Work Practice with Children and Youth
Munisamy, Y., & Elze, D. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0440-8_10-1
Neuner, F., Ruf‐Leuschner, M., & Catani, C. (2021) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61160-9_23
A School Based Study of Psychological Disturbance in Children Following the Omagh Bomb
McDermott, M., Duffy, M., Percy, A., Fitzgerald, M., & Cole, C. G. (2015) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18313-4
Bibliography: Psychiatric Treatment of Children and Adolescents
(2016) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.140106
Belastungs- und Anpassungsstörungen
Steinhausen, H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21083-9.00016-7
O’Brien-Venus, B., & Haines, C. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2200054x
Following a trauma, which children are most likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder?
Siddaway, A. P., & Trickey, D. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2013.1.245.39
Self-citationChen, Y. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4389308
König, M., Berhe, O., Ioannidis, K., Orellana, S. C., Davidson, E., Kaçer, M., RAISE Consortium, Moreno-López, L., & van Harmelen, A. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xw7na
Posttraumatic Stress Among School Students Following the 2014 Hazelwood Mine Fire
Maybery, D. J., Berger, E., Dipnall, J. F., Campbell, T. C. H., & Carroll, M. T. C. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2228240
AL-Takhayneh, S. K. (2023) · Journal of Pedagogical Research · doi:10.33902/jpr.202322839 · Cited by 2
Červinka, D., Vondráčková, L., Sulíková, B., & Adamovská, E. (2023) · Transactions on Transport Sciences · doi:10.5507/tots.2023.014
Heiniger, C., Surís, J.-C., & Barrense‐Dias, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-08-2022-0086
Haering, S., Meyer, C., Schulze, L., Conrad, E., Blecker, M. K., El‐Haj‐Mohamad, R., Geiling, A., Klusmann, H., Schumacher, S., Knaevelsrud, C., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hfqt2
Krzyżowska, E. (2023) · Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series · doi:10.29119/1641-3466.2023.180.15
Soubelet, A. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00623-8
Mullan, M. J. E. S. (2023) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2023-15917
Death Anxiety and PsychopathologyPreprint
Mazidi, M., Zarei, M., Bouyaghchi, Z. A., Ranjbar, S., & Menzies, R. E. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/e3pmr
Kartikasari, R., & Islami, R. N. (2024) · Jurnal Ilmiah JKA (Jurnal Kesehatan Aeromedika) · doi:10.58550/jka.v10i1.246
Open MDMA: An Open Source Framework and Practical Guide for the Therapeutic use of MDMAPreprint
Groeneveld, M., & Harper, T. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aps5g
Çocuklarda Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ve Hemşirenin Rolü
Küçük, S., & Gözen, D. (2024) · Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi · doi:10.54189/hbd.1371468
Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung in Kindheit und Jugend
Schmid, M., & Fegert, J. M. (2024) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66744-6_109
van Loon-Dikkers, L., de Haan, A. D., Luijk, M. P. C. M., & Steketee, M. (2024) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100079
Reyentanz, E., Basedow, L. A., Roessner, V., & Golub, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1421486 · Cited by 1
Krízisben. Az elmúlt 10 év történéseinek hatása a gyermekek mentális egészségére
Lassú, Z. F. (2024) · Gyermeknevelés Tudományos Folyóirat · doi:10.31074/gyntf.2024.3.186.215
Cognitive Therapy for PTSD in Children and Adolescents
Perrin, S. G., Leigh, E., Smith, P. A., Yule, W., Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77215-3_9
Interventions in Medical Settings
Marsac, M. L., Hildenbrand, A. K., & Kassam‐Adams, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77215-3_23
The Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention
Epstein, C., Hahn, H., & Marans, S. R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77215-3_7
Lin, J. Y., Teng, X. Q., Zhang, C., Peng, J. Y., & Guo, J. J. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70193
Groeneveld, M., & Harper, T. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aps5g_v1
A Pilot Study of the Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention
Magnusdottir, T., Weyler, H., Svedin, C. G., & Shahnavaz, S. (2025) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2025.2480578
Groeneveld, M., & Harper, T. (2025) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aps5g_v3
Heltne, U., Dybdahl, R., Sharif, S., & Breidlid, A. (2025) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108368
Lee, S. Y., Brown, S., Vergara‐Lopez, C., Mathis, K. J., Bock, B. C., Nugent, N. R., Parade, S. H., Tyrka, A. R., & Stroud, L. R. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-02962-8
Li, Y., Ye, Y., Liu, Z., He, Z., Huang, J., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104820
McKinnon, A., Mermin, Z., Dalgleish, T., Dixon, C., Edwards, A., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Smith, P. A., Subramanyam, D., & Boyle, A. A. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1016/j.acepjo.2025.100210
Self-citationGroeneveld, M., & Harper, T. (2025) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aps5g_v4
Водяха, С. А., Водяха, Ю. Е., & Крылова, С. Г. (2025) · Pedagogical Review · doi:10.23951/2307-6127-2025-4-163-172
Qiu, L. S., Lignos, G., Smithson, J., Harris, H. A., Ho, A., Haque, S., & Jobson, L. (2025) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2548940
Walsh, C. (2025) · Palgrave's Frontiers in Criminology Theory · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99414-2_4
Psychological Trauma: A Deprivation of Safety
Walsh, C. (2025) · Palgrave's Frontiers in Criminology Theory · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99414-2_3
Theorising the Adversity to Offending Relationship
Walsh, C. (2025) · Palgrave's Frontiers in Criminology Theory · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99414-2_8
Ray, M., Bailey, A., Lendrum, E. C., Vore, E., Beiting, S. E., Reichert, M., Moody, S. M., Rheaume, E. M., Falcone, R. A., & Kotagal, M. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2025.162764
Travmatize Çocuklara Yönelik Ebeveyn Katılımlı Müdahale Yaklaşımları: Sistematik Derleme Çalışması
Çi̇men, F., & Seçer, İ. (2025) · MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.33206/mjss.1639435
Attachment Style as a Mediator Between Childhood Maltreatment and Thought Suppression in Black Women
Ettema, J. R., & Eshelman, L. R. (2025) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012251391133
Holgersen, K. H., Hasselberg, N., Siqveland, J., & Ruud, T. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07491-y
Fongaro, E., Purper‐Ouakil, D., Picot, M., Epstein, C., & Kerbage, H. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03585-0
Some features of post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescence
Golovina, A. G. (2025) · Современная терапия в психиатрии и неврологии · doi:10.32416/2304-9707-2025-3-6-10
Knudsen, H. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Pearce, E., Birken, M., Pais, S., Tamworth, M., Ng, Y., Wang, J., Chipp, B., Crane, E., Schlief, M., Yang, J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24089321
Pfeiffer, E., Garbade, M., & Sachser, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679299
Growing Up Between Earthquake and War: War Metaphors of Border Province Children
Teze, S., & Ayhan, F. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70181
Chimed‐Ochir, U., Connell, C. M., Lang, J. M., Randall, K. G., Kinniburgh, K. M., & Cooper, D. K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2025.2585443
Sadeh, Y., Graham, L., Egberts, M. R., Lenferink, L. I. M., & Kassam‐Adams, N. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70113
Opfer extremistischer Gewalt – Psychologische Folgen und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten
Allroggen, M., & Sachser, C. (2026) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.20264.75.1.64
Belastungs- und Anpassungsstörungen
Steinhausen, H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21294-9.00016-8
Blackburn, A., Balg, F., Bédard, S., Lafrenaye, S., & Leblanc, É. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/bpo.0000000000003224
Benyagoub, M., BENAZZOUZ, R. S. A., Boussaid, K., Boumidiene, A., Hamdis, N., Braham, L. D., & Belhadj, R. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107959
Pisula, E., Banasiak, A., & Winczura, B. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202846
Heyn, S. A., DiMaio, S., & Herringa, R. J. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2026.100714
Opioid analgesia to prevent paediatric post-traumatic stress after injury: a scoping review
McNulty, E. S. J., & Kenardy, J. A. (2026) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2637193
Sun, L., Fredrick, S. S., Jenkins, L. N., & Kaminski, S. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-026-00864-9
Olinover, M., & Hamama, L. (2026) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2026.2650431
Jann, P., Winkler, N., Karutz, H., Hulde, V., & Hecker, T. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-026-01076-7
Diržytė, A., Kundrotienė, U., Radzevičienė, J., Perminas, A., Kazakevičiūtė, I., Jackevičienė, L., Simonavičiūtė, V., Kumžaitė, M., & Patapas, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1767008
Coneo, A. M. C., Solano, P. E. P., & Correa, A. D. C. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-026-01090-9
Evaluation eines Konzepts zur kollegialen Unterstützung nach belastenden Ereignissen
Piendl, T. A., Lippl, P., Hirschi, L., Birke, S., ElHammadi, C., & Hamann, J. (2026) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/a-2816-4200
Lucas, D., Barry, T., & Halligan, S. L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9139883/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Trickey, David
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 122-138
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017451655
- Cited by
- 828
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC_EX_G0802821)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, children, adolescents, risk factors, traumatic events, social support, perceived life threat, social withdrawal, family functioning, thought suppression, PTSD screening, trauma exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Fear, Humans, Life Change Events, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
