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Epidemic Models of Contact Tracing: Systematic Review of Transmission Studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
The emergence and reemergence of coronavirus epidemics sparked renewed concerns from global epidemiology researchers and public health administrators. Mathematical models that represented how contact tracing and follow-up may control Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) transmissions were developed for evaluating different infection control interventions, estimating likely number of infections as well as facilitating understanding of their likely epidemiology. We reviewed mathematical models for contact tracing and follow-up control measures of SARS and MERS transmission. Model characteristics, epidemiological parameters and intervention parameters used in the mathematical models from seven studies were summarized. A major concern identified in future epidemics is whether public health administrators can collect all the required data for building epidemiological models in a short period of time during the early phase of an outbreak. Also, currently available models do not explicitly model constrained resources. We urge for closed-loop communication between public health administrators and modelling researchers to come up with guidelines to delineate the collection of the required data in the midst of an outbreak and the inclusion of additional logistical details in future similar models.
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When SARS-CoV-2 was first identified, initial assessments of its potential epidemic impact and intervention options were informed by epidemiological and modelling analyses.
“In conclusion, when SARS-CoV-2 was first identified, initial assessments of its potential epidemic impact and intervention options were informed by epidemiological and modelling analyses.”
From Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) mathematical models and disease parameters: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [26]
The Summary and Outlook says mathematical models can inform intervention choices early in future coronavirus outbreaks, and the Introduction describes their use in assessing infection burden and control measures. But this 2019 review addresses SARS and MERS; it does not report what informed the initial assessments after SARS-CoV-2 was identified. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe analyses, in the absence of characterisation of the new coronavirus, assumed that its natural history and epidemiology (eg, degree of superspreading) would be similar to those of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV.
“The analyses, in the absence of characterisation of the new coronavirus, assumed that its natural history and epidemiology (eg, degree of superspreading) would be similar to those of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV.25,26,129,130”
From Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) mathematical models and disease parameters: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [26]
The Introduction describes the epidemiology of SARS and MERS, and the Summary and Outlook discusses how models might address future coronavirus outbreaks, including superspreading. Neither section says that analyses of a new coronavirus assumed its natural history or epidemiology would resemble SARS or MERS; searches for that assumption found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“The two main approaches for modeling contact tracing are the following [25]: population-based modeling and agent-based modeling.”
BackgroundKeeping governments accountable: the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard (COVID-SCORE)
Lazarus, J. V., Binagwaho, A., El-Mohandes, A. A. E., Fielding, J. E., Larson, H. J., Plasència, A., Andriukaitis, V., & Ratzan, S. C. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0950-0 · Cited by 52
Efficient Monitoring and Contact Tracing for COVID-19: A Smart IoT-Based Framework
Roy, A., Kumbhar, F. H., Dhillon, H. S., Saxena, N., Shin, S. Y., & Singh, S. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Magazine · doi:10.1109/iotm.0001.2000145 · Cited by 51
“Considering mobility and physical contacts, infection detection Using this model, we can analyze the Contact Tracing graph with varying density and degree distribution.”
MethodIntelligent system for COVID-19 prognosis: a state-of-the-art survey
Nayak, J., Naik, B., Dinesh, P., Vakula, K., Rao, B. K., Ding, W., & Pelusi, D. (2021) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-020-02102-7 · Cited by 51
Higazy, M., & Alyami, M. A. (2020) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2020.08.034 · Cited by 45
“These epidemics have produced more than 8000 assured SARS patients and 2200 assured MERS patients, [6].”
Effectiveness of Contact Tracing for Viral Disease Mitigation and Suppression: Evidence-Based Review
Craig, K. J. T., Rizvi, R. F., Willis, V. C., Kassler, W. J., & Jackson, G. P. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/32468 · Cited by 48
Aminullah, E., & Erman, E. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101682 · Cited by 45
“The first loop is the interplay between infected people and people contact [20].”
BackgroundYu, Y., Shi, Q., Zheng, P., Gao, L., Li, H., Tao, P., Gu, B., Wang, D., & Chen, H. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.25901 · Cited by 37
A SIQ mathematical model on COVID-19 investigating the lockdown effect
Bhadauria, A. S., Pathak, R., & Chaudhary, M. (2021) · Infectious Disease Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.idm.2020.12.010 · Cited by 37
“Contact tracing, immigration of individual has been taken as one of the most important features in studying the disease dynamics by some of the mathematical modellers given in (Day et al., 2006; Kwok et al., 2019; Ndairou et al., 2020; Wang, 2004; Wang & Zhao, 2006; Yang et al., 2009).”
Babadaei, M. M. N., Hasan, A., Bloukh, S. H., Edis, Z., Sharifi, M., Kachooei, E., & Falahati, M. (2020) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1767211 · Cited by 37
“All these three viruses are pathogenic and cause of respiratory problems in humans (Kwok et al., 2019; Peeri et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTo quarantine, or not to quarantine: A theoretical framework for disease control via contact tracing
Lunz, D., Batt, G., & Ruess, J. (2020) · Epidemics · doi:10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100428 · Cited by 34
“Neglecting this heterogeneity means that these models offer only limited guidance in prioritizing which contacts to quarantine when dozens of contacts have encountered an infected individual, as was emphasized in a recent survey of contact tracing models (Kwok et al., 2019).”
Modeling analysis of COVID-19 based on morbidity data in Anhui, China
Tian, J., Wu, J., Bao, Y., Weng, X., Shi, L., Liu, B., Xin-ya, Y., Qi, L., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2020158 · Cited by 34
Hang, C. N., Tsai, Y.-Z., Yu, P.-D., Chen, J., & Tan, C. W. (2023) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc7020108 · Cited by 31
Decoding China’s COVID‐19 ‘virus exceptionalism’: Community‐based digital contact tracing in Wuhan
Boeing, P., & Wang, Y. (2021) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12464 · Cited by 35
“Prior medical and epidemiological research mostly sees the implementation of digital contact tracing as a top-down government intervention (e.g., Kwok et al., 2019; Ferretti et al., 2020; He, 2020; Kretzschmar et al., 2020; Nguyen et al., 2020; Pan et al., 2020).”
BackgroundÁlamo, T., Reina, D. G., & Millán, P. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.01731 · Cited by 49
“A review of contact-tracing based epidemic models for SARS and MERS epidemics can be found in [117].”
BackgroundEmergency preparedness for public health threats, surveillance, modelling & forecasting
Bedi, J. S., Vijay, D., Dhaka, P., Gill, J. P. S., & Barbuddhe, S. B. (2021) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_653_21 · Cited by 29
“The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has evoked worldwide concerns across the public health administrators to strengthen the preparedness capabilities 25 .”
BackgroundScarabel, F., Pellis, L., Ogden, N. H., & Wu, J. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.202091 · Cited by 25
Nipa, K. F., & Allen, L. J. S. (2020) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-020-00831-x · Cited by 28
Wang, Q., Shi, N., Huang, J., Cui, T., Yang, L., Ai, J., Ji, H. L., Xu, K., Ahmad, T., Bao, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.726690 · Cited by 26
Biala, T. A., Afolabi, Y. O., & Khaliq, A. Q. M. (2021) · Applied Mathematical Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.apm.2021.11.011 · Cited by 25
“A lot of studies have been conducted on the efficacy of contact tracing in relation to some diseases in the past, see [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16].”
BackgroundDeng, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2022) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-022-07777-w · Cited by 23
Modelling the impact of travel restrictions on COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong in early 2020
Kwok, W. C., Wong, C., Fung, T., Ho, K. W., Fan, L. W.-T., Chan, K. F., Samuel, C. S. K., Tam, T. C., & Ho, P. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11889-0 · Cited by 21
Poongodi, M., Nguyen, T. N., Hamdi, M., & Cengiz, K. (2021) · Neural Processing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11063-021-10602-x · Cited by 20
RetractedA Survey on Contact Tracing: The Latest Advancements and Challenges
Jiang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Yu, T., Chen, Y., Lu, C., Zhang, J., Li, Z., Gao, J., & Zhou, S. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems · doi:10.1145/3494529 · Cited by 19
“Models represented how contact tracing affected the epidemic dynamics were useful for evaluating different infection control interventions and the burden of infection to facilitate the further understanding of their epidemiology [20].”
BackgroundProbiotic lactobacilli: Can be a remediating supplement for pandemic COVID-19. A review
Al‐Ansari, M. M., Sahlah, S. A., AlHumaid, L., & Singh, A. J. R. (2020) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2020.101286 · Cited by 19
Modeling for COVID-19 with the contacting distance
Ma, Z., Wang, S., Lin, X., Li, X., Han, X., Wang, H., & Liu, H. (2022) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-021-07107-6 · Cited by 18
“These outbreaks have resulted in more than 8000 and 2200 confirmed SARS and MERS cases, respectively [1,8].”
BackgroundDynamics of epidemics: Impact of easing restrictions and control of infection spread
de Souza, S. L. T., Batista, A. M., Caldas, I. L., Iarosz, K. C., & Junior, J. D. S. (2020) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110431 · Cited by 18
Universal Shelter-in-Place Versus Advanced Automated Contact Tracing and Targeted Isolation
Nuzzo, A., Tan, C. O., Raskar, R., DeSimone, D. C., Kapa, S., & Gupta, R. (2020) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.027 · Cited by 17
“This has been proven in epidemics such as SARS, bird flu, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and others.(3,4) Traditional contact tracing suffers”
Alzahrani, F. S., Razzaq, O. A., Rehman, D. U., Khan, N. A., Alshomrani, A. S., & Ullah, M. Z. (2022) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2022.111997 · Cited by 17
Modeling the effects of prosocial awareness on COVID-19 dynamics: Case studies on Colombia and India
Ghosh, I., & Martcheva, M. (2021) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-021-06489-x · Cited by 18
COVID-19 Contact Tracing Solutions for Mass Gatherings
Ryan, B. J., Coppola, D. P., Williams, J. M., & Swienton, R. E. (2020) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.241 · Cited by 16
Beyond COVID-19: network science and sustainable exit strategies
Bell, J., Ginestra Bianconi, A., Butler, D., Crowcroft, J., Davies, P., Hicks, C., Kim, H., Kiss, I. Z., Lauro, F. D., Maple, C. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Physics Complexity · doi:10.1088/2632-072x/abcbea · Cited by 16
Current forecast of COVID-19 in Mexico: A Bayesian and machine learning approaches
Prieto, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259958 · Cited by 16
“A robust review of contact tracing models can be found in [45] and quarantine models can be found in [46].”
BackgroundStochastic COVID‐19 epidemic model incorporating asymptomatic and isolated compartments
Caraballo, T., Bouzalmat, I., Settati, A., Lahrouz, A., Brahim, A. N., & Harchaoui, B. (2024) · Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences · doi:10.1002/mma.9928 · Cited by 16
“These outbreaks collectively resulted in over 8000 confirmed cases of SARS and more than 2200 confirmed cases of MERS [8].”
Automated contact tracing: a game of big numbers in the time of COVID-19
Kim, H., & Paul, A. (2021) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0954 · Cited by 21
The German COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing App: A Socioeconomic Evaluation
Ellmann, S., Maryschok, M., Schöffski, O., & Emmert, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114318 · Cited by 15
“Related Work While manual contact tracing is considered an established response to infectious disease outbreaks [55,56], DCT apps were first developed in response to COVID-19 and have been studied extensively since then [57].”
BackgroundKennedy‐Shaffer, L., Baym, M., & Hanage, W. P. (2021) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00004-5 · Cited by 15
MONITORING THE COVID-19 DIFFUSION BY COMBINING WEARABLE BIOSENSORS AND SMARTPHONES.
Manekiya, M. H., & Donelli, M. (2020) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research M · doi:10.2528/pierm20101905 · Cited by 14
“The report [1, 2] shows that the early symptoms of this epidemic are fever (atypical pneumonia), dry-cough, and oxygen deficiency, which leads to the difficulty of breathing.”
BackgroundA comparison of swab types on sample adequacy, suspects comfort and provider preference in COVID-19
Bidkar, V. G., Selvaraj, K., Mishra, M., Shete, V., & Sajjanar, A. (2020) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102872 · Cited by 14
“They have helped us to create mathematical models for contact tracing and follow up, which are useful for establishing measures to control of transmission while navigating through the pandemic [1].”
BackgroundThompson, K. M., Kalkowska, D. A., & Badizadegan, K. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1891888 · Cited by 14
“The emergence of SARS motivated modeling to explore the pandemic potential of emerging diseases [4,5], which later shifted to a focus on pandemic influenza [6].”
BackgroundTechnological and analytical review of contact tracing apps for COVID-19 management
Gupta, R., Pandey, G., Chaudhary, P., & Pal, S. K. (2021) · Journal of Location Based Services · doi:10.1080/17489725.2021.1899319 · Cited by 15
“Kwok et al. (2019) have provided a thorough review of mathematical models used for developing the models of contact tracing and follow-up control.”
MethodA Methodology for Determining Which Diseases Warrant Care in a High-Level Containment Care Unit
Cieslak, T. J., Herstein, J. J., Kortepeter, M. G., & Hewlett, A. L. (2019) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v11090773 · Cited by 14
Dhungel, B., Rahman, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Bhandari, A. K. C., Le, P. M., Biva, N. A., & Gilmour, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811613 · Cited by 12
“Estimating a precise reproduction number is essential for determining the severity and size of any infectious disease and planning interventions to control its spread [25].”
BackgroundHowerton, E., Ferrari, M. J., Bjørnstad, O. N., Bogich, T. L., Borchering, R. K., Jewell, C., Nichols, J. D., Probert, W. J. M., Runge, M. C., Tildesley, M. J., et al. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009518 · Cited by 11
“The utility of “test, trace, and isolate” strategies has been demonstrated in prior outbreaks of novel infectious diseases, including SARS [14] and Ebola [15], as well as in a multitude of mathematical models [16].”
BackgroundA review on COVID-19 transmission, epidemiological features, prevention and vaccination
Zhang, Y., Wu, G., Chen, S., Xu, J., Yimaer, W., Zhang, W., Lin, S. C. C., Hao, Y., Gu, J., & Li, J. (2022) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2021-0023 · Cited by 13
“It is necessary to estimate the R 0 of COVID-19 to determine the capability of transmission per primary infectedpersontothesecondarily infectedpersons[105],as well as to provide a reference for the government to make interventions to control the spread of the disease [106].”
BackgroundLi, J., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Ai, J.-W., Zhang, H.-C., Gamber, M., Li, W., Zhang, W., & Sun, W.-J. (2020) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa442 · Cited by 11
“To evaluate the COVID-19 transmission control measures put in place in NYC, the SEIR compartmental model was used, which has been applied to many other respiratory diseases [7, 8].”
MethodKao, I.-H., & Perng, J. (2021) · Results in Physics · doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104287 · Cited by 11
High Performance Agent-Based Modeling to Study Realistic Contact Tracing Protocols
Hoops, S., Chen, J., Adiga, A., Lewis, B. L., Mortveit, H., Baek, H., Wilson, M., Xie, D., Swarup, S., Venkatramanan, S., et al. (2021) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715382 · Cited by 11
“The role and effectiveness of contact tracing during the 2014 Ebola, SARS, and MERS outbreaks have also been investigated; see (Eames and Keeling 2003; Liu et al. 2015; Kwok et al. 2019; Olu et al. 2016; Swanson et al. 2018).”
BackgroundBai, Z., Ma, Z., Jing, L., Li, Y., Wang, S., Wang, B.-G., Wu, Y. Y., & Han, X. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33499-z · Cited by 11
Zhu, H., Liu, S., Li, X., Zhang, W., Osgood, N. D., & Jia, P. (2023) · Journal of Simulation · doi:10.1080/17477778.2023.2189027 · Cited by 12
How Can Hybrid Simulation Support Organizations in Assessing COVID-19 Containment Measures?
Cimini, C., Pezzotta, G., Lagorio, A., Pirola, F., & Cavalieri, S. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9111412 · Cited by 10
“The efficiency factor represents the overall quarantine and isolation efficiency in transmission control [20].”
BackgroundContact tracing apps for COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and potentialPreprint
Akinbi, A., Forshaw, M. J., & Blinkhorn, V. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/6xbcs · Cited by 10
Contact-Tracing-Apps als unterstützende Maßnahme bei der Kontaktpersonennachverfolgung von COVID-19
Jahnel, T., Kernebeck, S., Böbel, S., Buchner, B., Grill, E., Hinck, S., Ranisch, R., Rothenbacher, D., Schüz, B., Starke, D., et al. (2020) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/a-1195-2474 · Cited by 9
“Smartphone-Apps wurden bereits früher im Pandemie-Management eingesetzt [12, 13].”
BackgroundTanaka, T., Yamaguchi, T., & Sakamoto, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241170 · Cited by 9
Modelling the anti-COVID19 individual or collective containment strategies in Cameroon
Kouakep, Y. T., & TCHOUMI, S. Y. (2021) · Applied Mathematical Sciences · doi:10.12988/ams.2021.914395 · Cited by 9
A methodology for evaluating digital contact tracing apps based on the COVID-19 experience
Hernández‐Orallo, E., Manzoni, P., Calafate, C. T., & Cano, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17024-2 · Cited by 8
Automated Contact Tracing: a game of big numbers in the time of COVID-19Preprint
Kim, H., & Paul, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.20071043 · Cited by 9
“This brings about additional challenges when the disease 1One study suggested that MERS-CoV can be transmitted before the onset of symptoms [12].”
InfluentialEffectiveness of Contact Tracing Using KNN for COVID-19
Venkatasen, M., Mathivanan, S. K., Mani, P., Jayagopal, P., Thanapal, P., Somanathan, M. S., Upendra Babu, K., & Elangovan, D. (2021) · Journal of Mobile Multimedia · doi:10.13052/jmm1550-4646.17415 · Cited by 8
SIM-D: An Agent-Based Simulator for Modeling Contagion in Population
Waleed, M., Um, T., Tariq, K., Khan, A., & Zahid, Z. U. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10217745 · Cited by 8
“This is a realistic approach for observing the spread of diseases and understanding its patterns [30].”
BackgroundAli, A. R., Rehman, D. U., Khan, N. A., Ayaz, M., Ara, A., & Khan, M. (2025) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-024-02452-7 · Cited by 7
“The advancement in mathematical modeling techniques and the availability of computational power have been used by many scholars in the development of epidemic models [1, 2] that have gained significant attention.”
Importance of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in fighting with COVID-19 Epidemic
Solanki, V., Solanki, U., Baliyan, A., Kukreja, V., Lamba, V., & Sahoo, B. K. (2021) · International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Networks (ISCON) · doi:10.1109/iscon52037.2021.9702316 · Cited by 9
Severt, M., Vara, R. C., & del Rey, A. M. (2023) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies11050133 · Cited by 7
“Such models include Susceptible–Infectious–Susceptible (SIS), Susceptible–Infectious–Recovered (SIR), Susceptible–Infectious–Recovered–Susceptible (SIRS), Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Recovered (SEIR), and SI and SIRS variants, to name only a few [33,34].”
BackgroundA Non-Markovian Model to Assess Contact Tracing for the Containment of COVID-19
Vajdi, A., Cohnstaedt, L. W., Noronha, L. E., Mitzel, D., Wilson, W. C., & Scoglio, C. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2023.3293690 · Cited by 7
“Asystematicreviewofthese modelscanbefoundin[25].”
Values for a Post-Pandemic Future
Dennis, M., Ishmaev, G., Umbrello, S., & van den Hoven, J. (2022) · Philosophy of engineering and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08424-9 · Cited by 9
Automated Contact Tracing: A Game of Big Numbers in the Time of COVID-19Preprint
Kim, H., & Paul, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3590183 · Cited by 7
Morgenstern, C., Rawson, T., Routledge, I., Kont, M., Imai-Eaton, N., Skarp, J., Doohan, P., McCain, K., Johnson, R., Unwin, H. J. T., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101144 · Cited by 6
COVID-19 and the Rationale for Pharmacotherapy: A South African Perspective
Richards, G. A., Mer, M., Schleicher, G., & Stacey, S. L. (2020) · Wits Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nsia2 · Cited by 6
“11 SARS-CoV-2 is a pathogen phylogenetically similar to two previous zoonotic coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2002 (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2012 (MERS-CoV), the case fatality rates (CFRs) of which were 7%–10% and 30%, respectively.(1,2) While the CF…”
BackgroundWithin Host Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Humans: Modeling Immune Responses and Antiviral Treatments
Ghosh, I. (2021) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-021-00919-8 · Cited by 6
Optimizing the order of actions in a model of contact tracing
Meister, M., & Kleinberg, J. M. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad003 · Cited by 5
“The importance of developing prioritization strategies for contact tracing under resource constraints is highlighted in recent surveys (33, 34).”
Ekpenyong, M. E., Udo, I. J., Uzoka, F., & Attai, K. F. (2020) · International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics (ICMHI) · doi:10.1145/3418094.3418141 · Cited by 6
“Kwok et al. [17] derived mathematical models of contact tracing and follow-up control measures for SARS and MERS transmission; and considered epidemiological parameters, model characteristics and intervention parameters.”
BackgroundSimulation Analysis of Epidemic Trend for COVID-19 Based on SEIRS Model
Ge, J., Zhang, L., Chen, Z., Chen, G., & Peng, J. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC) · doi:10.1109/iccicc50026.2020.9450226 · Cited by 6
“Kwok and Tang discussed the mathematical models for contact tracing and follow-up control measures of SARS and MERS transmission, and summarized the model characteristics, epidemiological parameters and intervention parameters used in the mathematical models from seven studies [6].”
MethodModelling and Control of Epidemics Across Scales
Hernandez-Vargas, E. A., González, A. H., Beck, C. L., Bi, X., Campana, F. C., & Giordano, G. (2022) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc51059.2022.9992380 · Cited by 6
“Mass testing, along with contact tracing that aims at identifying and isolating infected individuals by following the contact network of detected infected [83], [142], can also be represented by explicitly including diagnosed and nondiagnosed compartments in epidemic models: a higher level of testing and tracing is th…”
BackgroundCoronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19): A Survey of Analysis, Modeling and RecommendationsPreprint
Amjad, T., Daud, A. Y., Hayat, M. K., Afzal, M. T., & Dawood, H. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0495.v1 · Cited by 6
“It belongs to the family of coronaviruses that have already appeared in past namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 (Kwok et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSIR Model for Estimations of the Coronavirus Epidemic Dynamics in Iran
Deldar, M., Ghorabi, S. T., & Sayehmiri, K. (2020) · Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology · doi:10.18502/jbe.v6i2.4872 · Cited by 5
“com family of the SARS that outbreak also in South China in 2002-2003 (4).”
BackgroundArtificial Intelligence against COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Insight
Masood, S., Equbal, A., Equbal, I., Ahmad, S., Khan, N. Z., & Khan, Z. A. (2021) · Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573405617666211004115208 · Cited by 7
Jeon, S., Watson-Lewis, L., Rainisch, G., Chiu, C.-C., Castonguay, F. M., Fischer, L. S., Moonan, P. K., Oeltmann, J. E., Adhikari, B. B., Lawman, H. G., et al. (2024) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid3002.230988 · Cited by 5
“In addition, CICT has proven effective in controlling outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome and Ebola ( 11 ) and will serve as an important tool for managing other infectious diseases with pandemic potential.”
Ladib, M., Ouhinou, A., & Yakubu, A. (2024) · Infectious Disease Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.idm.2024.01.010 · Cited by 5
“…perspective, modelling the process of contact tracing itself, was also subject of study for numerous research papers (Browne, Gulbudak, & Webb, 2015; Huo, 2015; Hyman, Li, & Stanley, 2003; Kwok et al., 2019; Müller & Kretzschmar, 2021a; Rusu, Emonet, & Farrahi, 2021; Tsimring & Huerta, 2003).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwok, K. O., Tang, A., Wei, V. W. I., Park, W. H., Yeoh, E. K., & Riley, S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kwok, Kin On
- Tang, Arthur
- Venue
- Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 17
- Pages
- 186-194
- ISSN
- 2001-0370 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6376160
- OpenAlex
- W2913820390
- Semantic Scholar
- 3baedc51f6e23ad1e8bf4b65980bd40e161a148f
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 5.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (200861/Z/16/Z)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (MIDAS U01 GM110721-01)
- Health and Medical Research Fund (17160302)
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Keywords
- contact tracing, follow-up, SARS, MERS, coronavirus transmission, epidemic modeling, mathematical model, infection control interventions, epidemiological parameters, resource constraints, public health administration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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