Role of interleukin 17 in TGF-β signaling-mediated renal interstitial fibrosis
Abstract
Background Several studies suggest IL-17 is involved in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis. The exact role of IL-17 in renal interstitial fibrosis has not been fully elucidated.Methods We compared the histopathology of renal fibrosis as well as profibrotic TGF-β signaling in wild-type (WT) and IL-17 knock-out (IL-17-/-) mice using UUO as the disease model. To find out the possible mechanisms involved in the exacerbated renal fibrosis happened to IL-17-/- mice, we analyzed the pattern of ECM synthesis by different fibroblasts cultured with IL-17 and associated signaling mediators.Results On day3 and day7, IL-17-/- mice developed more severe renal fibrosis compared with WT mice. IL-17 had an inhibitory factor in TGF-β-induced renal fibroblast activation and ECM synthesis, and sequentially in renal interstitial fibrosis, via down-regulation of Smad -independent pathway (p38MAPK and AKT phosphorylations).Conclusion IL-17 acts an inhibitory factor in TGF-β-induced renal fibroblast activation and ECM synthesis, and sequentially in renal interstitial fibrosis, via down-regulation of Smad-independent pathway (p38MAPK and AKT phosphorylations). Clarifying the novel regulatory mechanisms of fibrosis by the cytokine IL-17 may lead to a new therapeutic approach for progressive renal disease and fibrosis.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A feedforward mechanism involving acute phase cytokines, IL-17A, and TGF-β is responsible for fibrosis following acute tissue injury.
“suggesting a feedforward mechanism involving acute phase cytokines, IL-17A, and TGF-β is responsible for the development of fibrosis following acute tissue injury109,110,123”
From Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines (2020) · cites this paper as [123]
Cites
Korn, T., Bettelli, E., Oukka, M., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132710 · Cited by 4,873 · see citing works
IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Komiyama, Y., Nakae, S., Matsuki, T., Nambu, A., Ishigame, H., Kakuta, S., Sudo, K., & Iwakura, Y. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.566 · Cited by 1,536 · see citing works
Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases
Wynn, T. A. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31487 · Cited by 1,451 · see citing works
Biernacka, A., Dobaczewski, M. P., & Frangogiannis, N. G. (2011) · Growth Factors · doi:10.3109/08977194.2011.595714 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Nakae, S., Komiyama, Y., Nambu, A., Sudo, K., Iwase, M., Homma, I., Sekikawa, K., Asano, M., & Iwakura, Y. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00391-6 · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
Ureteral obstruction as a model of renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy
Chevalier, R. L., Forbes, M. S., & Thornhill, B. A. (2009) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2009.86 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Herpesvirus Saimiri encodes a new cytokine, IL-17, which binds to a novel cytokine receptor
Yao, Z., Fanslow, W. C., Seldin, M. F., Rousseau, A.-M., Painter, S. L., Comeau, M. R., Cohen, J. I., & Spriggs, M. K. (1995) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90070-5 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Sato, M., Muragaki, Y., Saika, S., Roberts, A. B., & Ooshima, A. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci19270 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Bleomycin and IL-1β–mediated pulmonary fibrosis is IL-17A dependent
Wilson, M. S., Madala, S. K., Ramalingam, T. R., Gochuico, B. R., Rosas, I. O., Cheever, A. W., & Wynn, T. A. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20092121 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Meng, F., Wang, K., Aoyama, T., Grivennikov, S. I., Paik, Y., Scholten, D., Cong, M., Iwaisako, K., Liu, X., Zhang, M., et al. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.049 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Self-citationSato, M., Muragaki, Y., Saika, S., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319270 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Li, L., Huang, L., Vergis, A. L., Ye, H., Bajwa, A., Narayan, V., Strieter, R. M., Rosin, D. L., & Okusa, M. D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci38702 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Loss of SOCS3 expression in T cells reveals a regulatory role for interleukin-17 in atherosclerosis
Taleb, S., Romain, M., Ramkhelawon, B., Uyttenhove, C., Pasterkamp, G., Herbin, O., Esposito, B., Pérez, N., Yasukawa, H., Snick, J. V., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20090545 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Renal Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts in Chronic Kidney Disease
Strutz, F. M., & Zeisberg, M. (2006) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2006050420 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Fibroblast activation and myofibroblast generation in obstructive nephropathy
Grande, M. T., & López-Novoa, J. M. (2009) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2009.74 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Nakashima, T., Jinnin, M., Yamane, K., Honda, N., Kajihara, I., Makino, T., Masuguchi, S., Fukushima, S., Okamoto, Y., Hasegawa, M., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100591 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Elucidation of Smad Requirement in Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I Receptor-induced Responses
Itoh, S., Thorikay, M., Kowanetz, M., Moustakas, A., Itoh, F., Heldin, C., & ten Dijke, P. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m208258200 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Hills, C. E., & Squires, P. E. (2009) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000256659 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Danzaki, K., Matsui, Y., Ikesue, M., Ohta, D., Ito, K., Kanayama, M., Kurotaki, D., Morimoto, J. O., Iwakura, Y., Yagita∥, H., et al. (2011) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.229997 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
García-Sánchez, O., López-Hernández, F. J., & López-Novoa, J. M. (2010) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2010.88 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Re, S. L., Dumoutier, L., Couillin, I., Vyve, C. V., Yakoub, Y., Uwambayinema, F., Marien, B., van den Brûle, S., Snick, J. V., Uyttenhove, C., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900459 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Peng, X., Xiao, Z., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Dong, Y., & Du, J. (2014) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.4430 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mohamed, R., Jayakumar, C., Chen, F., Fulton, D. J., Stepp, D. W., Gansevoort, R. T., & Ramesh, G. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2014111136 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Noncanonical TGF-β pathways, mTORC1 and Abl, in renal interstitial fibrogenesis
Wang, S., Wilkes, M. C., Leof, E. B., & Hirschberg, R. R. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00320.2009 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Valente, A. J., Yoshida, T., Gardner, J. D., Somanna, N. K., Delafontaine, P., & Chandrasekar, B. (2011) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.10.010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Regulation and function of innate and adaptive interleukin‐17‐producing cells
Hirota, K., Ahlfors, H., Duarte, J. H., & Stockinger, B. (2011) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2011.248 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Inhibition of IL-17A in atherosclerosis
Cheng, X. C., Taleb, S., Wang, J., Tang, T., Chen, J., Gao, X., Yao, R., Xie, J.-J., Yu, X., Xia, N., et al. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.034 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Rheumatology and the health of the workforce
Hadler, N. M. (2001) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines
Henderson, N. C., Rieder, F., & Wynn, T. A. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2938-9 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease
Ruiz-Ortega, M., Rayego-Mateos, S., Lamas, S., Ortiz, A., & Rodrigues-Diez, R. R. (2020) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-019-0248-y · Cited by 979 · see citing works
The immunology of hypertension
Norlander, A. E., Madhur, M. S., & Harrison, D. G. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171773 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Complement C3 Produced by Macrophages Promotes Renal Fibrosis via IL-17A Secretion
Liu, Y., Wang, K., Liang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Wei, H., Luo, R., Ge, S., & Xu, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02385 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mesenchymal stem cells in fibrotic diseases—the two sides of the same coin
Qin, L., Liu, N., Bao, C.-L.-M., Yang, D.-Z., Ma, G.-X., Yi, W.-H., Xiao, G.-Z., & Cao, H.-L. (2023) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-022-00952-0 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Interleukin 17A promotes diabetic kidney injury
Ma, J., Li, Y. J., Chen, X., Kwan, T., Chadban, S. J., & Wu, H. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38811-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Review on Inflammation Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease
Petreski, T., Piko, N., Ekart, R., Hojs, R., & Bevc, S. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9020182 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Nephrotoxicity of Herbal Medicine and Its Prevention
Xu, X., Zhu, R., Ying, J., Zhao, M., Wu, X., Cao, G., & Wang, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.569551 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Interleukin-17: Friend or foe in organ fibrosis
Ramani, K., & Biswas, P. S. (2019) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Interleukin 17A Participates in Renal Inflammation Associated to Experimental and Human Hypertension
Orejudo, M., Rodrigues-Díez, R. R., Rodrigues‐Díez, R., García‐Redondo, A. B., Santos‐Sanchez, L., Rández‐Garbayo, J., Cannata‐Ortiz, P., Ramos, A. M., Ortíz, A., Selgas, R., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01015 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Lu, X., Zou, W., Yaqian, D., Zhou, D., Xueli, T., Dong, Z., Guanyi, L., Tang, L. Y., & Menghua, L. (2018) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Yang, X. (2019) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2019.1642417 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationInterleukin-17A induces vascular remodeling of small arteries and blood pressure elevation
Orejudo, M., García‐Redondo, A. B., Rodrigues-Díez, R. R., Rodrigues‐Díez, R., Santos‐Sanchez, L., Tejera‐Muñoz, A., Egido, J., Selgas, R., Salaíces, M., Briones, A. M., et al. (2020) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20190682 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Yin and Yang of IL-17 in Systemic Sclerosis
Wei, L., Abraham, D., & Ong, V. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.885609 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Interleukin-17A induces renal fibrosis through the ERK and Smad signaling pathways
Weng, C., Li, Y., Wu, H.-H., Liu, S.-H., Hsu, H., Chen, Y., Yang, C.-W., Chu, P., & Tian, Y. (2020) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109741 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Role of interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis in T-cell-mediated actions in hypertension
Higaki, A., Mahmoud, A., Paradis, P., & Schiffrin, E. L. (2020) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa257 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
IL-17 in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) immunopathogenesis and complications; molecular approaches
Elahi, R., Nazari, M., Mohammadi, V., Esmaeilzadeh, K., & Esmaeilzadeh, A. (2024) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2024.03.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Interleukin-17 pathways in systemic sclerosis-associated fibrosis
Ahmed, S., Misra, D. P., & Agarwal, V. (2019) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-019-04317-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
T helper 17 cells in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic kidney disease
Basile, D. P., Ullah, M. M., Collett, J. A., & Mehrotra, P. (2021) · Kidney Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.23876/j.krcp.20.185 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Role of Circadian Transcription Factor Rev-Erb in Metabolism and Tissue Fibrosis
Raza, G. S., Sodum, N., Kaya, Y., & Herzig, K. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232112954 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ramani, K., Tan, R. J., Zhou, D. F., Coleman, B. M., Jawale, C. V., Liu, Y., & Biswas, P. S. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/5103672 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The role of IL-17 family cytokines in cardiac fibrosis
Huang, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1470362 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
IL-17A as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
Marchant, V. A., Tejera‐Muñoz, A., Márquez‐Expósito, L., Rayego‐Mateos, S., Rodrigues-Díez, R. R., Tejedor-Santamaria, L., Santos‐Sanchez, L., Egido, J., Ortíz, A., Valdivielso, J. M., et al. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10101361 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and fibrotic diseases
Wu, X., & Yang, Y. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112085 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, A., Yuan, J., Gong, Q., Zhang, N., Chen, L., Luo, Y., Cui, Y., Wang, H., & Liu, R. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02802a · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic inflammation evoked by pathogenic stimulus during carcinogenesis
Brücher, B. L. D. M., & Jamall, I. S. (2019) · 4open · doi:10.1051/fopen/2018006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
IL-17A in diabetic kidney disease: protection or damage
Tan, H., Zheng, Y., & Zhuang, Y.-P. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108707 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lysophosphatidic Acid Is a Proinflammatory Stimulus of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells
Magkrioti, C., Antonopoulou, G., Fanidis, D., Pliaka, V., Sakellaropoulos, T., Alexopoulos, L. G., Ullmer, C., & Aidinis, V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23137452 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vettori, S., Barra, G., Russo, B. F., Borgia, A., Pasquale, G., Pellecchia, L., Vicedomini, L., & Palma, R. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00220 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tamibarotene inhibit the accumulation of fibrocyte and alleviate renal fibrosis by IL-17A
Li, L., Luo, R., Yang, Y., Cheng, Y., Ge, S., & Xu, G. (2020) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2020.1847145 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The role and mechanism of TXNDC5 in disease progression
Jiao, M., Zhang, Y., Xie, S., & Xu, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354952 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Xia, H., Yang, Y., Ma, T., Lu, Y., Xie, Z., Zhou, X., Liu, J., Bao, Z., Xu, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2025.05.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kidney-Specific Interleukin-17 Responses During Infection and Injury
Peroumal, D., & Biswas, P. S. (2023) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-052523-015141 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Role of platelet factor 4 in arteriovenous fistula maturation failure: What do we know so far?
Xiao, Y., Vázquez-Padrón, R. I., Martinez, L., Singer, H. A., Woltmann, D., & Salman, L. H. (2022) · The Journal of Vascular Access · doi:10.1177/11297298221085458 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
C/EBPδ Mediates Immunity to Renal Autoinflammatory Disorders in a Stage-specific Manner
Dey, I., Li, Y., Taylor, T. C., Peroumal, D., Asada, N., Panzer, U., Biswas, P. S., Sterneck, E., & Gaffen, S. L. (2024) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2400124 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Acute lung injury mechanism and therapy induced by paraquat poisoning
Liu, X., Lu, C.-Z., & Liu, X.-L. (2017) · Journal of Acute Disease · doi:10.4103/2221-6189.221289 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kuźnik‐Trocha, K., Winsz‐Szczotka, K., Komosińska‐Vassev, K., Jura-Półtorak, A., Miara, A., Kotyla, P. J., & Olczyk, K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216354 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Role of IL-17 cytokines in tubal fibrosis and infertility due to salpingitis
Zhao, J., & Liu, L. (2025) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-025-11199-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, J., Liu, B., Xie, X., & Li, W. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220452 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ru, X., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y., & Wang, H. (2021) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2021.2018433
Self-citationLiu, J., & Qin, J. (2025) · Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.61882/ijkd.19.2.69
Follicular helper T cells and fibrotic diseases
Ma, Y., Zhou, Y., & Yu, M. (2025) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.105024
Charavu, R., Jeena, T. M., Jain, A. B., & Bhandary, Y. P. (2026) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70913
Immune-mediated complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Dar, T. A., & Rather, R. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33590-7.00006-x
He, X., Yang, Y., Liu, J., & Hu, D. (2026) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000007723
Integrin αVβ3-mediated focal adhesion signaling promotes fibroblast activation during renal fibrosis
Wu, D., Zhao, J., Chang, X., Lei, Y., Mu, C., Yang, D., Ye, T., & Xu, S. (2026) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2026.118401
Distinct BAL cytokine signatures define immunopathological endotypes in interstitial lung disease
Osuna‐Gómez, R., Pardessus, A., Mulet, M., Marcos, M. H., Ortiz, M. À., Pajares, V., Cantó, E., Francesqui, J., Brenes, J. M., Guinart-Cuadra, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1951891
- Authors
- Sun, B., Wang, H., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Zhang, M., Zhu, X., Ji, X., & Wang, H.
- Affiliations
- Jiangsu Province Hospital (CN)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ji, Xiaohui
- Wang, Huijuan
- Venue
- Cytokine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 106
- Pages
- 80-88
- ISSN
- 1043-4666 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2766708789
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cytokine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Fund Committee (81401287)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- IL-17, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, TGF-beta signaling, extracellular matrix synthesis, p38 MAPK, Akt phosphorylation, unilateral ureteral obstruction, renal fibrosis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Extracellular Matrix, Fetus, Fibroblasts, Fibrosis, Kidney, Lung, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Phosphorylation, Ureteral Obstruction, Signal Transduction, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Mice, Knockout, Inflammation Mediators, Interleukin-17, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
