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The cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system
Open accessAbstract
In 2019-2020 a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the causative agent of a several acute respiratory infection named COVID-19, which is causing a worldwide pandemic. There are still many unresolved questions regarding the pathogenesis of this disease and especially the reasons underlying the extremely different clinical course, ranging from asymptomatic forms to severe manifestations, including the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 showed phylogenetic similarities to both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses, and some of the clinical features are shared between COVID-19 and previously identified beta-coronavirus infections. Available evidence indicate that the so called "cytokine storm" an uncontrolled over-production of soluble markers of inflammation which, in turn, sustain an aberrant systemic inflammatory response, is a major responsible for the occurrence of ARDS. Chemokines are low molecular weight proteins with powerful chemoattractant activity which play a role in the immune cell recruitment during inflammation. This review will be aimed at providing an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system in the cytokine storm related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Basic and clinical evidences obtained from previous SARS and MERS epidemics and available data from COVID-19 will be taken into account.
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“T helper (Th)-1 cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Interferon (IFN)-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, CXCL10, and CCL2; and Th-2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist are all elevated in the serum of COVID-19 patients (Coperchini et al., 2020) in a “cytokine storm” typically associated with the illness.”
From Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up (2021) · cites this paper as Coperchini et al., 2020
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Carlini, V., Noonan, D. M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, L., & Albini, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161067 · Cited by 590
Mazza, M. G., Palladini, M., De Lorenzo, R., Magnaghi, C., Poletti, S., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., & Benedetti, F. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021 · Cited by 513
“T helper (Th)-1 cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Interferon (IFN)-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, CXCL10, and CCL2; and Th-2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist are all elevated in the serum of COVID-19 patients (Coperchini et al., 2020) in a “cytokine storm” typically assoc…”
Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past
Shah, V. K., Firmal, P., Alam, A., Ganguly, D., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 · Cited by 476
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Oladunni, F. S., Park, J., Pino, P. A., González, O., Akhter, A., Allué‐Guardia, A., Olmo-Fontánez, A. M., Gautam, S., Garcia‐Vilanova, A., Ye, C., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19891-7 · Cited by 398
Metadata
- Authors
- Coperchini, F., Chiovato, L., Croce, L., Magri, F., & Rotondi, M.
- Affiliations
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IT)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Rotondi, Mario
- Venue
- Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 53
- Pages
- 25-32
- ISSN
- 1359-6101 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7211650
- OpenAlex
- W3021577619
- Cited by
- 1,288
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 274 · 2021: 443 · 2020: 257
- FWCI
- 13.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- cytokine storm, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, chemokines, chemokine receptors, acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic inflammation, immune cell recruitment, SARS, MERS, betacoronaviruses, disease severity
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Chemokines, Receptors, Chemokine, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Pandemics
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