Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the technology and clinical use
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an increasingly adopted technology for insulin-requiring patients that provides insights into glycemic fluctuations. CGM can assist patients in managing their diabetes with lifestyle and medication adjustments. This article provides an overview of the technical and clinical features of CGM based on a review of articles in PubMed on CGM from 1999 through January 31, 2017. A detailed description is presented of three professional (retrospective), three personal (real-time) continuous glucose monitors, and three sensor integrated pumps (consisting of a sensor and pump that communicate with each other to determine an optimal insulin dose and adjust the delivery of insulin) that are currently available in United States. We have reviewed outpatient CGM outcomes, focusing on hemoglobin A1c (A1C), hypoglycemia, and quality of life. Issues affecting accuracy, detection of glycemic variability, strategies for optimal use, as well as cybersecurity and future directions for sensor design and use are discussed. In conclusion, CGM is an important tool for monitoring diabetes that has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Given currently available data and technological developments, we believe that with appropriate patient education, CGM can also be considered for other patient populations.
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The development of high-reliability glucose monitoring devices requires new technologies and strategies to make sensors more affordable, non-invasive, and suitable for continuous monitoring.
“Today, the development of devices for glucose monitoring with high reliability need new technologies and strategies to make those sensors more affordable, non-invasive, and suitable for continuous monitoring of glycemic status 40-42.”
From Glucose biosensors in clinical practice: principles, limits and perspectives of currently used devices (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
CGM sensors measure interstitial glucose concentrations in subcutaneous tissue almost continuously (e.g., every 1-5 min) for several consecutive days or weeks.
“CGM sensors measure interstitial glucose concentrations in subcutaneous tissue almost continuously (e.g., every 1–5 min) for several consecutive days or weeks [9].”
From Advanced Diabetes Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
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References 73 · Cited by 320
- Authors
- Klonoff, D. C., Ahn, D., & Drincic, A.
- Affiliations
- Mills Peninsula Health Services (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klonoff, David C.
- Venue
- Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 133
- Pages
- 178-192
- ISSN
- 0168-8227 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2752986434
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 21
- FWCI
- 3.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Insulet Corporation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- continuous glucose monitoring, type 1 diabetes, insulin-treated diabetes, sensor-augmented pump, glycemic variability, HbA1c, hypoglycemia, quality of life, CGM accuracy, cybersecurity, patient education, diabetes management
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Quality of Life, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
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