IDF global clinical practice recommendations for managing type 2 diabetes – 2025

International Diabetes Federation (IDF)

(2014) · International Year Book and Statesmen's Who's Who · doi:10.1163/1570-6664_iyb_sim_org_38965 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works

Global guideline for type 2 diabetes: recommendations for standard, comprehensive, and minimal care

IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01918.x · Cited by 433 · see citing works

Diagnosis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults

Kalyani, R. R., Neumiller, J. J., Maruthur, N. M., & Wexler, D. J. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.5956 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Innovative Nanocarriers: Elastic Aspasomes Loaded with Metformin Hydrochloride for Effective Management of Melasma: In Vitro Studies and Clinical Appraisal

Albash, R., Fahmy, A. M., Ragaie, M. H., Ahmed, S. S., El-Gazar, R. A., Kassem, A. B., Abdelbari, M. A., Salem, H. A., Saleh, A., & Mosallam, S. (2026) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18030364 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Urolithin A: a multi-target therapeutic candidate derived from the gut microbiota for obesity and metabolic dysfunction

Liu, C., Sun, M., Zhao, Z., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, R., Du, X., Liu, X., Ran, S., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1786776 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Exploring the α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Acyl hydrazone Derivatives: In Vitro, Molecular Docking, Dynamics Simulation, ADMET and DFT Studies

Alam, A., Rafiq, H., Ismail, M., Ahmad, I., Assad, M., Abbas, M. N., Alanazi, M. M., Alanazi, A. S., Kamal, M., El-Henawy, A. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Computational Biophysics and Chemistry · doi:10.1142/s2737416525500899 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Role of graphene in improving sensor capabilities for electrochemical glucose monitoring

Kumar, P., Rajesh, S., & Kumawat, A. S. (2025) · Discover Electrochemistry. · doi:10.1007/s44373-025-00048-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The double-edged sword of Dioscorea bulbifera L.: Recent advances in its pharmacological benefits and hepatotoxicity, and the quest for detoxification strategies

Zhang, Y., Miao, J., Zhou, D., Xu, D., Fu, P., Ou, Y., Pan, D., Li, C., Zheng, D., & Qiu, J. (2026) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2026.121331 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Fingolimod Improves Anxiety-like Behavior and Modulates Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors Gene Expression in a Diabetic Mouse Model

Wencel, P. L., Blecharz‐Klin, K., Piechal, A., Pyrzanowska, J., Mirowska-Guzel, D. M., & Strosznajder, R. P. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15111485 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Deep Learning–Enabled Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: A Techno-Clinical Revolution or Just More Artificial Intelligence Hype?

Dave, D., Steinhubl, S. R., & McQueen, R. B. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci25-0123 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Screening of NPASS library to uncover potential Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV enzyme inhibitors using structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics

Gautam, S. K., Jangid, K., Devi, B., & Kumari, N. (2026) · In Silico Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s40203-026-00629-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Serum 1,5‐Anhydroglucitol Identifies Residual Mortality Risk Beyond Time in Range in Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study

Ni, J., Chen, L., Su, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Lu, J., Zhou, J., Xia, T., & Jiang, F. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70260 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Evaluating Cardio-Protective Molecules by Efficacy Based on Weight Reduction and HbA1c Targets

Salmen, T., Pietroșel, V.-A., Urzica, F.-V., Visan, D.-E., Salmen, B.-M., Cîmpeanu, R.-C., Reurean‐Pintilei, D., Popoviciu, M. S., & Stoian, A. P. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13092306 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Improving knowledge on the management of diabetes mellitus during Ramadan

Widyastuti, A. A. A., Muchtar, N. H., Nasarudin, J., Mokoagow, M. I., Epriliawati, M., Saptarini, I., & Kshanti, I. A. (2025) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2025.10.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Effects of an exercise-based program on neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and glycemic control in individuals with young-onset diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

Harihar, A., Shetty, S., Dr Shyamasunder Bhat, N., Shivashankar, K. N., Punja, D., & Maiya, G. A. (2026) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2026.2626620 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Prognostic nomogram for recurrence free survival in elderly patients with HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma and diabetes from a multicenter study

Liu, B., Shi, H., Zheng, L., Cui, X., Ding, X., & Hu, C. (2026) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-026-04480-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Association of NLRP3 Inflammasome rs10754558 Polymorphism with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Clinical and Bioinformatics Study

Ahmed, A., Al-nakhle, H. H., Aman, A. M., Yousuf, A., Muddathir, A. R. M., Almutawif, Y. A., Eweda, S. M., Alsubhi, A. S., Aljohani, H. M., Alhamawi, R. M., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s586787 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Clinical Manifestations and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Wang, Y., Du, Y., Zuo, J., He, L., Shi, Y., Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., Zheng, H., & Wang, H. (2026) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s575474 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Chemical Profiling and UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS-Based Metabolomics of Three Different Parts of Edgeworthia chrysantha and Identification of Glucose Uptake-Enhancing Compounds

An, J., Han, S., Mai, V.-H., Ponce-Zea, J.-E., Seong, G.-H., Ha, T. K. Q., & Oh, W. K. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17162684 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Challenges in ensuring long-term care for individuals living with diabetes: a qualitative study

Iloonkashkooli, R., Setoodeh, G., Soltanian, M., Momennasab, M., Ansari, M., & Shirazi, Z. H. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-025-01724-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Association between serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol, dietary energy density and lifestyle factors in women with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetesPreprint

Koçak, T., Köksal, E., & Aktürk, M. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8012414/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Construction of a management protocol for high-risk neurogenic bladder in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a Delphi study

Luo, S., Ren, W., Hu, Y., Deng, T., Lai, W., & Cai, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1603905

Nanotechnology in Diabetology: Future Insight for Diagnosis and Management

Qadir, M. I., & Zafar, S. (2025) · Premier Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.70389/pjbs.100013

Evaluation of System Accuracy and Range of Error of the Blood Glucose Monitoring System Contour Plus Elite Against the ISO 15197 Requirements for Self-Testing

Kenning, M., & Salzsieder, E. (2025) · Diabetes Technology and Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1177/29986702251394014

Relationship Between α-Glucosidase Inhibitors Application and Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Luo, X., Li, S., & Chen, N. (2025) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s552309

Glycemic control predicts the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in diabetic neuropathy patients with a diabetic duration of at least 5 years: A cross-sectional study

Suryani, M., Sulistiyowati, M. A. E. T., & Sianturi, M. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.172834.1

Dose–response relationship between the postload–fasting gap and the risk of developing diabetes: a cohort study from multiple centers in China

Xu, X., Wang, D., Alam, U., Jaffar, S. S., Ramaiya, K. L., Zhou, X., Liu, Y., Guo, H., Wang, B., Qiu, S., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2025-005270

Intermittent energy restriction and risk of physician-diagnosed diabetes progression: a propensity-weighted real-world cohort study

Xiao, Z., Zhou, X., Yang, D., Lai, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, R., Wang, H., Zhou, J., Yang, X., Xu, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1744017

Bioequivalence and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Gliclazide Modified‐Release Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers

Fu, K., Lu, C., Zhang, Y., Pan, H., Wang, Z., Chen, X., & Liang, Y. (2026) · Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development · doi:10.1002/cpdd.70021

Nutraceutical potential of palm oil: Molecular targets and bioinformatics evaluation of constituents against type 2 diabetes mellitus

Iheagwam, F. N., Ayeni, T. O., & Oduselu, G. O. (2026) · In Silico Research in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.insi.2026.100232

Single Nucleotide Variant rs3219484 MUTYH as a Genetic Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Семикина, Е. В., Azarova, I. E., Алферова, Е. Ю., & Polonikov, A. (2026) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795425701406

Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Parthenium hysterophorus L.: Phytochemical Profiling, Toxicity, Biofilm Inhibition, and Antidiabetic Activity

Khalid, T., Rafey, H. A., Mohammed, M. M. D., Rajput, T. A., Ross, S., & Osman, A. M. A. (2026) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202503322

Physical Therapist Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Kareem, M., & Balogun, J. A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86558-9_25

The efficacy of three antimicrobial dressings in the management of diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

He, X., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Lu, J., Zhang, W., Ning, M., & Han, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1780580

Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera in diabetes mellitus treatment: an update

Adil, M., Akram, S., Ahmad, M., & Zaki, M. E. A. (2026) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1007/s44446-026-00070-6

Cardiorenometabolic medicine as a new subspecialty in the light of novel pharmaceuticals with dual or triple benefits

Medenica, S., Prelević, V., Zanković, N., Maggio, V., & Rizzo, M. (2026) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2026.2648248

Development and validation of a risk prediction model for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in type 2 diabetes: A machine learning and statistical approach

Hong, H., Chen, Y. K., Bao, J., & Ma, J. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113219

Letter to the Editor: Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk type 2 diabetes mellitus: Standard of care vs multifactorial intensive therapy

Dong, C.-F., He, F., & Guo-Bin, K. (2026) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i4.115721

Efficacy and Safety of Glimepiride, Voglibose, and Metformin ER in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Active‐Controlled Study

Mohan, B., Kumar, S., Kurmi, P. H., Gupta, S. K., Neelaveni, K., Das, B., Parmar, K., Kanungo, A., Saran, S., Kashinath, P. A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70217

Navigating ambivalence: perspectives on healthy eating habits and readiness for change among Swedish men with prediabetes

Carlsund, Å., Hörnsten, Å., Hoosen, F., Amoah, S., & Otten, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2026.1793053

Diabetesschulung und -beratung bei Erwachsenen mit Diabetes (Update 2026)

Weitgasser, R., Ciardi, C., Milikovic, D., Schauer, M., Clodi, M., & Ludvik, B. H. (2026) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-025-02693-6

Incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among adult diabetes mellitus patients in western Amhara comprehensive specialized hospitals, northwest Ethiopia. A multicenter retrospective follow-up study

Beyene, J. A., Kassie, Z. M., Derseh, N. M., Nigatu, S. G., Mekonnen, F. A., Abebe, A. D., Ferede, Y. A., Zeleke, A. M., & Tassew, W. C. (2026) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036261451534

Ferulic Acid Suppresses Diabetes‐Induced Atherosclerosis by Targeting Oxidative Stress, NF‐κB p65/iNOS, and miRNAs Pathways

Abdelhamed, T. A., El‐Shahawy, A. A. G., El‐Ela, F. I. A., & Yousef, A. I. (2026) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.70940

Glomerulo–Tubular Crosstalk in Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutics

Kim, I. Y. (2026) · Electrolytes & Blood Pressure · doi:10.5049/ebp.2026.24.e7

Mechanistic insights into Radix Astragali for diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia through medicine–food homology

Zhao, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, H., Ma, L., Chimedtseren, C., Urtnasan, M., Wang, M., Xiang, W., & Li, M. (2026) · Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1097/st9.0000000000000115

Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and associated risk factors in a rural community in Western Kenya: a population-based cross-sectional survey

Ogutu, S., Owenga, J. A., Otedo, A., Omondi, D., Ouma, O. J., Bogers, J. P., & van Olmen, J. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28512-9

A Systematic Review on the Combination of Glipizide and Metformin for Type Two Diabetes

Nagendra, L., Agarwal, K., Bhandarkar, A. P., Hanumanthu, A., Anantharaman, R., Baro, A., Jethwani, P., Bhattacharya, S., Kapoor, N., Kalra, S., et al. (2026) · Chronicle of Diabetes Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/cdrp.cdrp_26_25

Improving cognition through lifestyle-induced remission of type 2 diabetes: findings from DIABEPIC-2

Ouellet, M., Gudas-Cantin, C., Dionne, V., Gagnon, C., Gayda, M., Besnier, F., Latour, É., Badas, C., Desmarais, S., Camins-Vila, N., et al. (2026) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-026-02755-9

Solar-Driven (FeCoNiCuZn)O High-Entropy Oxide/WO3 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Acetone Detection

Wei, L., Lin, J.-T., Tseng, T., Pu, Y., Liu, S., & Wang, H. P. (2026) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.6c01940

A Novel Series of Flavone‐Cinnamic Acid Hybrid Derivatives as Hypoglycemic Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Activity Studies

Xf, Z., Mou, J., Xiao, G., Zuo, J., Wang, L., & Deng, Y. (2026) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.71501

The place of fixed combination of sulfonylurea derivatives and metformin in the modern treatment paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Babenko, A. Y., & Игоревна, А. В. (2026) · Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.14341/dm13474

Imeglimin versus Vildagliptin as Add-On Therapy to Metformin and Glimepiride in Indian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Open-Label Trial

Husain, N., Mohan, P. L., Roy, S. S., Kumar, A., Agrawal, P. K., Samajdar, S. S., & Joshi, S. (2026) · Journal of Mid-life Health · doi:10.4103/jmh.jmh_203_26

Smart biosensing technologies for diabetes mellitus: From biomarker discovery and sensor design to clinical validation and real-world deployment

Rehman, K., & Akash, M. S. H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45911-5.00014-3

Diabetes Awareness and Acceptance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study in Istanbul, Türkiye

Tursun, H., & Erkoç, A. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14172758

In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Phenolic Compounds from NADES-Extracted SunGold Kiwifruit and Their Fortification in Yoghurt

Naulidia, R. A., & Yoo, M. J. Y. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15173109

AI-driven biosensing technology for early disease detection: A comprehensive review

Rehman, T. U., Ansari, K. D. A., Kahlid, M. Z., Rahman, J. S. U., Al-Harbi, M., Almudaimeegh, L., Ahmed, A. M., Hamd, Z. Y., & Ali, B. (2026) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.1177/09287329261479178

Neuroprotective Effect of Cocoa and Its Main Bioactive Molecules in Association with Postbiotics in Microglial Cells (BV2) Under Glucotoxicity

D’ÁVILA, C. M. D. S., HARADA, K. D. O., BRUM, L. D. G. C., Pinto, E. D. O., Machado, A. K., Vizzotto, B. S., Branco, C. S., CORREA, D. D. L., Baldissera, M. D., Sangoi, G. G., et al. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16199536

The Effect of Diabetes Self-Management Education Using Audiovisual Media on Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Quasi-Experimental Study at an Indonesian Puskesmas

Nugraha, N. J., Dewi, Z. L., Yualita, P., Dharmansyah, D., & Sham, F. (2026) · Journal of Rural Community Nursing Practice · doi:10.58545/jrcnp.v4i2.950

SGLT-2 inhibitor add-on to DPP-4 inhibitor therapy significantly reduces HbA1c and body weight without increasing hypoglycaemia risk in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Saleem, A., Shinwari, H., Usman, M., Adil, K., Khan, A., Shah, H., & Ahmad, I. (2026) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-026-00934-1

Prevalence and associated factors of delayed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults attending a comprehensive specialized hospital in Central Ethiopia: A facility-based cross-sectional study

Asfaw, M. M., & Addila, A. E. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353573

Insulin Intensification and Simplification Strategies in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: A Scoping Review

Chua, C. H., Chong, W. L., & Huri, H. Z. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27209050

Phyto-Mediated Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Ozoroa paniculosa Leaf Extracts: Chemical Characterization and Antidiabetic Evaluation

Cele, N. D., Ramile, K., Masikane, S. C., Ojo, M. C., Khoza, S. H., Revaprasadu, N., & Opoku, A. R. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19101635

Diagnostic model based on machine learning with multi‐feature analysis for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: A single‐center retrospective study

Zheng, X., Yang, K., Qu, R., Peng, X., & Yang, L. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.70473

Correlation of Anxiety Levels with Diabetes Mellitus Patients’ Self-Care Management at Endocrine Polyclinic of Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital Banda Aceh

Zahra, Z., Waraztuty, I., & Yusril, M. (2026) · Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya · doi:10.20473/jps.v15i2.77478

Converting Bacterial Anti-Stress Metabolites into Bactericidal Agents Using a MOF Nanozyme for Targeted Treatment of Infected Diabetic Ulcers

Tong, P., Gu, W., Lin, J.-Z., Gan, H.-Q., Hu, X., James, T. D., Zheng, Y., Xia, Z.-F., Zhu, W., Tian, H., et al. (2026) · JACS Au · doi:10.1021/jacsau.6c01494

IDF School of Diabetes – Paving the way for improved health professional education

(2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.07.012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Overview of Type 2 Diabetes

Cowan, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43296-0_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Why screen for type 2 diabetes?

Cavan, D. A. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.11.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Alas, a Patient-Centred Guidelines on the Glycemic Management in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Lau, D. C. W. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2012.05.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

IDF21-0541 Diabetes Knowledge and Actual Diabetes Risk in University Teaching Staff from Vadodara, Gujarat, India

VENUGOPAL, S., Khanna, S., & Iyer, U. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109566