Opioid challenge evaluation of blockade by extended-release naltrexone in opioid-abusing adults: Dose–effects and time-course
Open accessAbstract
Background Oral naltrexone's effectiveness as an opioid antagonist has been limited due to poor patient adherence. A long-acting naltrexone formulation may be beneficial. This study evaluated the effects of extended-release injectable naltrexone (XR-NTX), targeted for a one-month duration of action, in blocking opioid agonist challenge effects in humans.Methods Outpatient non-dependent opioid abusers (N=27) were randomly assigned to a single double-blind IM administration of 75, 150, or 300 mg XR-NTX. To assess the extent of opioid blockade, hydromorphone challenges (0, 3, 4.5, 6 mg IM in ascending order at 1-h intervals [up to 13.5 mg total]) were given at pretreatment baseline and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56. Opioid blockade was assessed via (1) tolerability of the ascending hydromorphone doses; (2) visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of subjective opioid effects and (3) pupil diameter. Effects on the VAS and pupils were assessed via the slope of the time-action function over ascending hydromorphone doses, with zero slope indicating complete blockade.Results Blockade of the VAS "any drug effect" response to 3 mg hydromorphone was complete for 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively, for the XR-NTX doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg. Subjective effects were more readily blocked than was pupil constriction. Higher hydromorphone doses produced only modest increases in agonist effects. With the 300 mg XR-NTX dose the slope of VAS responses remained at or near zero for one month even with maximal cumulative hydromorphone dosing.Conclusions These data quantify the month-long opioid blockade underlying XR-NTX's efficacy in opioid dependence treatment.
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Extended-release naltrexone releases enough naltrexone to block opioid euphoria for about one month after injection.
“Extended-release naltrexone gradually releases sufficient naltrexone to block the euphoric effects of opioids for approximately 1 month after injection and is efficacious as compared with placebo.9–12”
From Extended-release naltrexone to prevent opioid relapse in criminal justice offenders (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Extended-release naltrexone is efficacious relative to placebo for preventing relapse to opioid dependence.
“Extended-release naltrexone gradually releases sufficient naltrexone to block the euphoric effects of opioids for approximately 1 month after injection and is efficacious as compared with placebo.9–12”
From Extended-release naltrexone to prevent opioid relapse in criminal justice offenders (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Bigelow, G. E., Preston, K. L., Schmittner, J., Dong, Q., & Gastfriend, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Alkermes (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bigelow, George E.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 57-65
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3880792
- OpenAlex
- W2038011254
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- GW Pharmaceuticals
- National Institutes of Health (n43aa001002-000)
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (N43AA001002)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (Z01DA000175, R43DA013531)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- extended-release naltrexone, opioid antagonists, opioid blockade, opioid use disorder, dose-response relationship, time course, miosis, injectable naltrexone, medication adherence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Delayed-Action Preparations, Hydromorphone, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Naltrexone, Narcotic Antagonists, Opioid-Related Disorders, Narcotics, Oxygen, Pupil, Skin Temperature, Time Factors, Respiratory Rate
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