The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brief case finding tools for anxiety disorders: Validation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in addictions treatment
Abstract
Background Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problems and often co-exist with substance use. Little evidence exists to support the use of brief screening tools for anxiety disorders in routine addictions treatment. This is the first study to test the validity and reliability of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in an outpatient drugs treatment population.Methods A sample of 103 patients completed brief screening questionnaires and took part in structured diagnostic assessments using CIS-R. A subgroup of 60 patients completed retests after 4 weeks. The results of brief questionnaires were compared to those of gold-standard diagnostic interviews using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Psychometric properties were also calculated to evaluate the validity and reliability of self-completed questionnaires.Results A GAD-7 score ≥ 9 had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 86% for any anxiety disorder, also displaying adequate temporal stability at repeated measurements (intra-class correlation=0.85) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.91). A GAD-2 score ≥ 2 had 94% sensitivity and 53% specificity, with adequate internal consistency (0.82).Conclusions GAD-7 adequately detected the presence of an anxiety disorder in drug and alcohol users; although this study was limited by sample size to determine its reliability for specific diagnoses. Results in this small sample suggest that GAD-7 may be a useful screening tool in addiction services, although replication in a larger sample is warranted.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“studies in many areas have demonstrated that psychotherapy RCTs are feasible [46-48].”
From A prospective service evaluation of acceptance and commitment therapy for patients with refractory epilepsy (2015) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“The GAD-7 in this study had an optimal cut off score of 10 or greater, similar to the previously validated cut-off of nine and above in general psychiatry (Löwe et al., 2008) and nine and above in a substance use disorder specific population (Delgadillo et al., 2012).”
From Optimizing screening for depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder in inpatient addiction treatment: A preliminary investigation (2021) · cites this paper as Delgadillo et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“In fact, to our knowledge the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 have only been validated once in a SUD population and that was in an outpatient setting (Delgadillo et al., 2011; Delgadillo et al., 2012).”
From Optimizing screening for depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder in inpatient addiction treatment: A preliminary investigation (2021) · cites this paper as Delgadillo et al., 2012
Citations
Cites
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
Measuring the Accuracy of Diagnostic Systems
Swets, J. A. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3287615 · Cited by 10,058
Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004 · Cited by 4,741
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR )
Segal, D. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0271 · Cited by 4,687
Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318160d093 · Cited by 4,527
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006 · Cited by 4,057
Regier, D. A. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026 · Cited by 3,962
The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018 · Cited by 3,754
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–106 of 106
Amura, C. R., Sorrell, T. R., Weber, M., Alvarez, A., Beste, N., Hollins, U., & Cook, P. F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17798525
Human Trafficking: Emergency Department Screening and Referral
Pulvino, C., Braun, R. S., Jarrell, K. L., Smith, E. M., Smith, C. R., Vemuru, P., Kimmel, A. E., & Freiermuth, C. E. (2026) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1016/j.acepjo.2026.100353
Chassagne, J. F. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/508d7244z2b0fz400eza34ezeec1d1c8be41
Rached, M. A., Assaf, M., Malaeb, D. N., Ali, A. M., Sakr, F., Dabbous, M., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2026) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2026.03.016
Dimitrov, N., Brähler, E., Hinz, A., Schmalbach, B., Fegert, J. M., & Zenger, M. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-08172-5
Pasqualitto, F., Maidhof, C., Fernie, P., Murtagh, D., Silva, D. D., Panin, F., Michell, A. W., & Fachner, J. C. (2026) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100281 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Delgadillo, J., Payne, S., Gilbody, S., Godfrey, C., Gore, S., Jessop, D., & Dale, V.
- Affiliations
- Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- Western Health and Social Care Trust (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 37-42
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047983963
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, GAD-7, GAD-2, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, screening tool, brief screening, addiction treatment, substance use disorders, psychometric validation, sensitivity and specificity, temporal stability, internal consistency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Outpatients, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, ROC Curve, Reproducibility of Results, Area Under Curve, Substance-Related Disorders, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
