Cited by 106Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and AccessSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Brief case finding tools for anxiety disorders: Validation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in addictions treatment

Delgadillo, Jaime, Payne, Scott, Gilbody, Simon, Godfrey, Christine, Gore, Stuart, Jessop, Dawn, Dale, Veronica·2012·Drug and Alcohol Dependence

DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.011

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Abstract

Background Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problems and often co-exist with substance use. Little evidence exists to support the use of brief screening tools for anxiety disorders in routine addictions treatment. This is the first study to test the validity and reliability of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in an outpatient drugs treatment population.Methods A sample of 103 patients completed brief screening questionnaires and took part in structured diagnostic assessments using CIS-R. A subgroup of 60 patients completed retests after 4 weeks. The results of brief questionnaires were compared to those of gold-standard diagnostic interviews using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Psychometric properties were also calculated to evaluate the validity and reliability of self-completed questionnaires.Results A GAD-7 score ≥ 9 had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 86% for any anxiety disorder, also displaying adequate temporal stability at repeated measurements (intra-class correlation=0.85) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.91). A GAD-2 score ≥ 2 had 94% sensitivity and 53% specificity, with adequate internal consistency (0.82).Conclusions GAD-7 adequately detected the presence of an anxiety disorder in drug and alcohol users; although this study was limited by sample size to determine its reliability for specific diagnoses. Results in this small sample suggest that GAD-7 may be a useful screening tool in addiction services, although replication in a larger sample is warranted.

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Authors: Delgadillo, J., Payne, S., Gilbody, S., Godfrey, C., Gore, S., Jessop, D., & Dale, V.
Affiliations: Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
Western Health and Social Care Trust (GB)
University of York (GB)
ORCID: Delgadillo, Jaime
Gilbody, Simon
Godfrey, Christine
Gore, Stuart
Dale, Veronica
Venue: Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-09
Volume: 125
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 37-42
ISSN: 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.011
OpenAlex: W2047983963
Cited by: 106
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 6.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: anxiety disorders, GAD-7, GAD-2, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, screening tool, brief screening, addiction treatment, substance use disorders, psychometric validation, sensitivity and specificity, temporal stability, internal consistency
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Outpatients, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, ROC Curve, Reproducibility of Results, Area Under Curve, Substance-Related Disorders, International Classification of Diseases, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Brief case finding tools for anxiety disorders: Validation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in addictions treatment

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