Cited by 112Opioid Use Disorder TreatmentSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesHIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk

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Impact of a community-based naloxone distribution program on opioid overdose death rates

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Naumann, Rebecca B., Durrance, Christine Piette, Ranapurwala, Shabbar I., Austin, Anna E., Proescholdbell, Scott, Childs, Robert, Marshall, Stephen W., Kansagra, Susan, Shanahan, Meghan E.·2019·Drug and Alcohol Dependence

DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.038PMC PMC8107918

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Abstract

Background In August 2013, a naloxone distribution program was implemented in North Carolina (NC). This study evaluated that program by quantifying the association between the program and county-level opioid overdose death (OOD) rates and conducting a cost-benefit analysis. Methods One-group pre-post design. Data included annual county-level counts of naloxone kits distributed from 2013 to 2016 and mortality data from 2000-2016. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the association between cumulative rates of naloxone kits distributed and annual OOD rates. Costs included naloxone kit purchases and distribution costs; benefits were quantified as OODs avoided and monetized using a conservative value of a life. Results The rate of OOD in counties with 1-100 cumulative naloxone kits distributed per 100,000 population was 0.90 times (95% CI: 0.78, 1.04) that of counties that had not received kits. In counties that received >100 cumulative kits per 100,000 population, the OOD rate was 0.88 times (95% CI: 0.76, 1.02) that of counties that had not received kits. By December 2016, an estimated 352 NC deaths were avoided by naloxone distribution (95% CI: 189, 580). On average, for every dollar spent on the program, there was $2742 of benefit due to OODs avoided (95% CI: $1,237, $4882). Conclusions Our estimates suggest that community-based naloxone distribution is associated with lower OOD rates. The program generated substantial societal benefits due to averted OODs. States and communities should continue to support efforts to increase naloxone access, which may include reducing legal, financial, and normative barriers.

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Additional file 1 of Scaling up overdose education and naloxone distribution in Kentucky: adoption and reach achieved through a “hub with many spokes” model
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Additional file 3 of A scoping review of factors that influence opioid overdose prevention for justice-involved populations
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Additional file 2 of A scoping review of factors that influence opioid overdose prevention for justice-involved populations
Grella, C. E., Ostlie, E. M., Scott, C. K., Dennis, M. L., Carnevale, J. T., & Watson, D. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14091439

Authors: Naumann, R. B., Durrance, C. P., Ranapurwala, S. I., Austin, A. E., Proescholdbell, S., Childs, R., Marshall, S. W., Kansagra, S., & Shanahan, M. E.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
NC Department of Health and Human Services (US)
JBS International (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Naumann, Rebecca B.
ORCID: Naumann, Rebecca B.
Durrance, Christine Piette
Ranapurwala, Shabbar I.
Austin, Anna E.
Proescholdbell, Scott
Marshall, Stephen W.
Kansagra, Susan
Shanahan, Meghan E.
Venue: Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-11
Volume: 204
Pages: 107536
ISSN: 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.038
PMC: PMC8107918
OpenAlex: W2970055270
Cited by: 112
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 6
FWCI: 7.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Funders: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5NU17CE002728)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (R49‐CE001495)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Keywords: naloxone distribution, opioid overdose deaths, harm reduction, cost-benefit analysis, North Carolina, value of a statistical life
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Naloxone, Narcotic Antagonists, Opioid-Related Disorders, North Carolina, Program Evaluation, Young Adult, Drug Overdose

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Impact of a community-based naloxone distribution program on opioid overdose death rates

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