Drylands extent and environmental issues. A global approach

Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas

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Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People

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High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change

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Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis

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Summary for Policymakers

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Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback

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Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Global Desertification: Building a Science for Dryland Development

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Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change

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Progress and water stress of sustainable development in Chinese northern drylands

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Introduced and native herbivores have different effects on plant composition in low productivity ecosystems

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Declines in rodent abundance and diversity track regional climate variability in North American drylands

Cárdenas, P. A., Christensen, E. M., Ernest, S. K. M., Lightfoot, D. C., Schooley, R. L., Stapp, P., & Rudgers, J. A. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15672 · Cited by 26

Distinct Assembly Processes and Determinants of Soil Microbial Communities between Farmland and Grassland in Arid and Semiarid Areas

Xu, A., Liu, J., Guo, Z., Wang, C., Pan, K., Zhang, F., & Pan, X. (2021) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01010-21 · Cited by 26

Mapping South America’s Drylands through Remote Sensing—A Review of the Methodological Trends and Current Challenges

Ganem, K. A., Xue, Y., Rodrigues, A. D. A., Franca-Rocha, W., de Oliveira, M. T., Carvalho, N. S., Cayo, E. Y. T., Rosa, M. R., Dutra, A. C., & Shimabukuro, Y. E. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14030736 · Cited by 23

Removal or utilization? Testing alternative approaches to the management of an invasive woody legume in an arid Indian grassland

Nerlekar, A. N., Mehta, N., Pokar, R., Bhagwat, M., Misher, C., Joshi, P., & Hiremath, A. J. (2021) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.13477 · Cited by 25

The colonization of drylands by early vascular plants: Evidence from Early Devonian fossil soils and in situ plant traces from South China

Xue, J., Wang, J., Huang, P., Liu, L., Huang, T., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Shen, B., Wang, D., Liu, J., et al. (2022) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104290 · Cited by 25

Global Scale Mapping of Subsurface Scattering Signals Impacting ASCAT Soil Moisture Retrievals

Wagner, W., Lindorfer, R., Hahn, S., Kim, H., Vreugdenhil, M., Gruber, A., Fischer, M., & Trnka, M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3429550 · Cited by 31

Biocrust contribution to ecosystem carbon fluxes varies along an elevational gradient

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Framing and context

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Biocrusts Modulate Responses of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Soil Fluxes to Simulated Climate Change in a Mediterranean Dryland

Lafuente, A., Durán, J., Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Recio, J., Gallardo, A., Singh, B. K., & Maestre, F. T. (2020) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-020-00497-5 · Cited by 24

Everyday mobility and changing livelihood trajectories: implications for vulnerability and adaptation in dryland regions

Tebboth, M. G. L., Singh, C., Spear, D., Mensah, A. M., & Ansah, P. A. K. (2023) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-13626-280136 · Cited by 29

Grazing reduces the capacity of Landscape Function Analysis to predict regional-scale nutrient availability or decomposition, but not total nutrient pools

Eldridge, D. J., & Delgado‐Baquerizo, M. (2018) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.034 · Cited by 25

Multiple scales of spatial heterogeneity control soil respiration responses to precipitation across a dryland rainfall gradient

Throop, H. L., Seely, M., Marufu, V. J., & Participant, S. D. P. (2020) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-020-04614-0 · Cited by 25

Agriculture intensification and moisture-induced Thar desert greening: implications for energy balance, socio-economy, and biodiversity

Kashyap, R., Kuttippurath, J., & Patel, V. K. (2025) · GIScience & Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/15481603.2025.2483458 · Cited by 25

Network Analysis of Actors and Policy Keywords for Sustainable Environmental Governance: Focusing on Chinese Environmental Policy

Zhang, D., Fan, F., & Park, S.-D. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11154068 · Cited by 23

If the combination of straw interlayer and irrigation water reduction maintained sunflower yield by boosting soil fertility and improving bacterial community in arid and saline areas

Song, J., Zhang, H., Chang, F., Yu, R., Wang, J., Wang, X., & Li, Y. (2021) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107424 · Cited by 23

Changes in the Soil Labile Organic Carbon Fractions following Bedrock Exposure Rate in a Karst Context

Zheng, W., Rao, C., Wu, Q., Wang, E., Jiang, X., Xu, Y., Hu, L., Chen, Y., Liang, X., & Yan, W. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f13040516 · Cited by 23

Plant biomass allocation is mediated by precipitation use efficiency in arid and semiarid ecosystems

Feng, S., Ding, J., Zhan, T., Zhao, W., & Pereira, P. (2022) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.4455 · Cited by 25

Organic amendments from recycled waste promote short-term carbon sequestration of restored soils in drylands

Soria, R., Rodríguez-Berbel, N., Sánchez‐Cañete, E. P., Villafuerte, A. B., Ortega, R., & Miralles, I. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116873 · Cited by 23

Diamonds in the rough: Dryland microorganisms are ecological engineers to restore degraded land and mitigate desertification

Marasco, R., Ramond, J., Goethem, M. W. V., Rossi, F., & Daffonchio, D. G. (2023) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.14216 · Cited by 23

Interplay between Livestock Grazing and Aridity on the Ecological and Nutritional Value of Forage in Semi-arid Mediterranean Rangelands (NE Spain)

Arroyo, A. I., Pueyo, Y., Barrantes, O., & Alados, C. L. (2024) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-024-01939-9 · Cited by 23

Experimental drought reduces genetic diversity in the grassland foundation species Bouteloua eriopoda

Whitney, K. D., Mudge, J., Natvig, D. O., Sundararajan, A., Pockman, W. T., Bell, J. L., Collins, S. L., & Rudgers, J. A. (2019) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04371-7 · Cited by 24

Spatial variation of soil physical properties and its relationship with plant biomass in degraded slopes in dry-hot valley region of Southwest China

Yuan, Y., Xiong, D., Wu, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, B., Dahal, N. M., Liu, L., Li, W., Zhang, W., & Shi, L. (2020) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-020-02617-z · Cited by 22

Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation on Marginal African Drylands and Key Principles for a Sustainable Development

Pérez, P. V., Greiner, B. E., & von Cossel, M. (2022) · Earth · doi:10.3390/earth3020038 · Cited by 25

Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Land Degradation in a Loess Plateau Watershed, China

Lu, A., Tian, P., Mu, X., Zhao, G., Feng, Q., Guo, J., & Xu, W. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14194779 · Cited by 22

Wetting‐induced soil CO2 emission pulses are driven by interactions among soil temperature, carbon, and nitrogen limitation in the Colorado Desert

Andrews, H. M., Krichels, A. H., Homyak, P. M., Piper, S., Aronson, E. L., Botthoff, J. K., Greene, A. C., & Jenerette, G. D. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16669 · Cited by 23

Fertility islands, keys to the establishment of plant and microbial diversity in a highly alkaline hot desert

Maurice, K., Laurent‐Webb, L., Dehail, A., Bourceret, A., Boivin, S., Boukcim, H., Selosse, M., & Ducousso, M. (2023) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.105074 · Cited by 22

Adaptation of health systems to climate-related migration in Sub-Saharan Africa: Closing the gap

Negev, M., Teschner, N., Rosenthal, A., Levine, H., Lew-Levy, C., & Davidovitch, N. (2018) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.10.004 · Cited by 22

Long-term (35 Years) Rainy and Dry Season Characterization in Semiarid Northeastern Brazil

Sparacino, J., Argibay, D. S., & de Espíndola, G. M. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia · doi:10.1590/0102-77863630138 · Cited by 21

Intercropping Systems Modify Desert Plant-Associated Microbial Communities and Weaken Host Effects in a Hyper-Arid Desert

Zhang, Z., Chai, X., Tariq, A., Zeng, F., Li, X., & Graciano, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.754453 · Cited by 21

The vulnerability of ecosystem structure in the semi-arid area revealed by the functional trait networks

Gao, D., Wang, S., Wei, F., Wu, X., Zhou, S., Wang, L., Li, Z., Chen, P., & Fu, B. (2022) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108894 · Cited by 21

Microbial inoculum production for biocrust restoration: testing the effects of a common substrate versus native soils on yield and community composition

Ayuso, S. V., Giraldo‐Silva, A., Barger, N. N., & García‐Pichel, F. (2020) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.13127 · Cited by 21

Biocrusts buffer against the accumulation of soil metallic nutrients induced by warming and rainfall reduction

Moreno‐Jiménez, E., Ochoa‐Hueso, R., Plaza, C., Aceña‐Heras, S., Flagmeier, M., Elouali, F. Z., Ochoa, V., Gozalo, B., Lázaro, R., & Maestre, F. T. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-1054-6 · Cited by 21

A high-precision oasis dataset for China from remote sensing images

Jingwu, L. I. N., Dongwei, G. U. I., Liu, Y., Liu, Q., Zhang, S., & Liu, C. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03553-0 · Cited by 21

Effect of intercropping with legumes at different rates on the yield and soil physicochemical properties of Cyperus esculentus L. in arid land

Shen, X., Liu, Y., Li, X., & Li, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1351843 · Cited by 20

Functional redundancy buffers the effect of poly-extreme environmental conditions on southern African dryland soil microbial communities

Sauma-Sánchez, T., Alcorta, J., Tamayo-Leiva, J., Dı́ez, B., Bezuidenhout, H., Cowan, D. A., & Ramond, J. (2024) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiae157 · Cited by 20

Spatial variability and driving factors of soil pH in the desert grasslands of northern Xinjiang

Liu, H., Yu, B., Sun, Z., He, P., Dong, Y., & Yang, H. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121489 · Cited by 20

Impacts of vegetation properties and temperature characteristics on species richness patterns in drylands: Case study from Xinjiang

Zhang, C., Li, L., Guan, Y., Cai, D., Chen, H., Bian, X., & Guo, S. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108417 · Cited by 23

Precipitation Intensification Increases Shrub Dominance in Arid, Not Mesic, Ecosystems

Holdrege, M. C., Kulmatiski, A., Beard, K. H., & Palmquist, K. A. (2022) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-022-00778-1 · Cited by 20

Assessing the Accuracy of Landsat Vegetation Fractional Cover for Monitoring Australian Drylands

Sutton, A., Fisher, A. G., & Metternicht, G. I. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14246322 · Cited by 20

The role of climate, vegetation, and soil factors on carbon fluxes in Chinese drylands

Liu, Z., Chen, Z., Yu, G.-R., Zhang, W., Zhang, T., & Han, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1060066 · Cited by 26

A systematic review of energy and mass fluxes, and biogeochemical processes in seasonally dry tropical forests and cactus ecosystems

Jardim, A. M. D. R. F., de Morais, J. E. F., de Souza, L. S. B., Lopes, D. D. C., da Silva, M. V., Pandorfi, H., de Oliveira‐Júnior, J. F., da Silva, J. L. B., Neto, A. J. S., Morellato, L. P. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of South American Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104330 · Cited by 20

Regulation of NDVI and ET negative responses to increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit by water availability in global drylands

Wen, R., Jiang, P., Qin, M., Jia, Q., Cong, N., Wang, X., Meng, Y., Yang, F., Liu, B., Zhu, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2023.1164347 · Cited by 21

Editorial overview: Dryland social-ecological systems in changing environments

Fu, B., Stafford‐Smith, M., & Fu, C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2021.03.001 · Cited by 20

Biocrusts drive soil respiration across seasons and depths in a cold-winter desert

Dou, W., Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., & Xiao, B. (2024) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109355 · Cited by 19

Natural and Human Disturbances Have Non‐Linear Effects on Whole‐Ecosystem Carbon Storage in an African Savanna

Kindermann, L., Sandhage‐Hofmann, A., Amelung, W., Börner, J., Dobler, M., Fabiano, E. C., Meyer, M., & Linstädter, A. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70163 · Cited by 19

Early exposure to UV radiation overshadowed by precipitation and litter quality as drivers of decomposition in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Hewins, D. B., Lee, H., Barnes, P. W., McDowell, N. G., Pockman, W. T., Rahn, T. A., & Throop, H. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210470 · Cited by 19

Soil organic carbon in drylands: shrub encroachment and vegetation management effects dwarf those of livestock grazing

Throop, H. L., Archer, S. R., & McClaran, M. P. (2020) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2150 · Cited by 19

Incorporating Biogeochemistry into Dryland Restoration

Young, K. E., Reed, S. C., Ferrenberg, S. M., Faist, A. M., Winkler, D. E., Cort, C. E., & Darrouzet‐Nardi, A. (2021) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biab043 · Cited by 20

Expanding the Pulse–Reserve Paradigm to Microorganisms on the Basis of Differential Reserve Management Strategies

García‐Pichel, F., & Sala, O. E. (2022) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biac036 · Cited by 19

Responses of Biocrust and Associated Soil Bacteria to Novel Climates Are Not Tightly Coupled

Antoninka, A. J., Chuckran, P. F., Mau, R. L., Slate, M. L., Mishler, B. D., Oliver, M. J., Coe, K. K., Stark, L. R., Fisher, K. M., & Bowker, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.821860 · Cited by 19

Revisiting the application of the SWAT model in arid and semi-arid regions: a selection from 2009 to 2022

Rocha, A. K. P., de Souza, L. S. B., Montenegro, A. A. D. A., de Souza, W. M., & da Silva, T. G. F. (2023) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04546-6 · Cited by 19

Dryland Social-Ecological Systems in Changing Environments

Fu, B., & Stafford‐Smith, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9375-8 · Cited by 20

Dryland Social-Ecological Systems in Africa

Li, F., Diop, S., Hirwa, H., Maesho, S., Ning, X., Tian, C., Qiao, Y., Faye, C., Cissé, B., Guissé, A., et al. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9375-8_9 · Cited by 29

Enhancing soybean yield stability and soil health through long-term mulching strategies: Insights from a 13-year study

Song, J., Zhang, D., Wang, C., Song, J., Haider, S., Chang, S., Shi, X., Hao, J., Hao, J., Yang, G., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2024.127383 · Cited by 20

Technical efficiency, sensitivity analysis and economic assessment applying data envelopment analysis approach: A case study of date production in Khuzestan State of Iran

Hesampour, R., Hassani, M., Hanafiah, M. M., & Heidarbeigi, K. (2021) · Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2021.08.003 · Cited by 18

Aridity and geochemical drivers of soil micronutrient and contaminant availability in European drylands

Moreno‐Jiménez, E., Orgiazzi, A., Jones, A., Sáiz, H., Aceña‐Heras, S., & Plaza, C. (2021) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.13163 · Cited by 18

Structure and function of soil microbial communities in fertile islands in austral drylands

Toledo, S., Peri, P. L., Correa, O. S., Montecchia, M. S., Gargaglione, V. B., & Ladd, B. (2022) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.13151 · Cited by 19

Ecological clusters of soil taxa within bipartite networks are highly sensitive to climatic conditions in global drylands

Pescador, D. S., Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Fiore‐Donno, A. M., Singh, B. K., Bonkowski, M., & Maestre, F. T. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0387 · Cited by 17

Ecologically relevant moisture and temperature metrics for assessing dryland ecosystem dynamics

Chenoweth, D. A., Schlaepfer, D. R., Chambers, J. C., Brown, J. L., Urza, A. K., Hanberry, B. B., David I. Board, Crist, M. R., & Bradford, J. B. (2022) · Ecohydrology · doi:10.1002/eco.2509 · Cited by 18

The impact of environmental degradation and climate change on dust in Khuzestan province, Iran

Mohammadi, Z., Rahimi, D., Najafi, M., & Zakerinejad, R. (2024) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-023-06368-1 · Cited by 14

Rise in water vapour driven by moisture transport facilitates water availability for the greening of global deserts

Patel, V., Kuttippurath, J., & Kashyap, R. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174111 · Cited by 18

Proposed Relationships Between Climate, Biological Soil Crusts, Human Health, and in Arid Ecosystems

Ramsey, M. L., Kollath, D. R., Antoninka, A. J., & Barker, B. M. (2025) · GeoHealth · doi:10.1029/2024gh001217 · Cited by 17

Biocrusts benefit soil carbon sequestration via increasing the stability of soil dissolved organic carbon in dryland ecosystem

Shi, J. L., Tao, J., Peng, Y., Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124304 · Cited by 19

Characterization and drivers of water and carbon fluxes dynamics in dune ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land

Zhang, S., Liu, T., Duan, L., Hao, L., Tong, X., Jia, T., Li, X., & Lun, S. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170517 · Cited by 17

Functional Traits Explain Variation in Chaparral Shrub Sensitivity to Altered Water and Nutrient Availability

Nielsen, R., James, J. J., & Drenovsky, R. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00505 · Cited by 17

Soil-litter mixing promotes decomposition and soil aggregate formation on contrasting geomorphic surfaces in a shrub-invaded Sonoran Desert grassland

Levi, E. M., Archer, S. R., Throop, H. L., & Rasmussen, C. (2020) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-020-04508-1 · Cited by 17

Global soil science research on drylands: an analysis of research evolution, collaboration, and trends

Filho, J. D. S. O., & Pereira, M. G. (2021) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-021-03036-4 · Cited by 17

Lithic soils in the semi-arid region of Brazil: edaphic characterization and susceptibility to erosion

Pinheiro, C. R., Salvador, C. A., Tavares, T. R., Abreu, M. C., Fagundes, H. D. S., de Almeida, W. S., Neto, E. C. S., dos Anjos, L. H. C., & Pereira, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Arid Land · doi:10.1007/s40333-022-0002-3 · Cited by 17

Rainy years counteract negative effects of drought on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity: Resilience in annual plant communities

López‐Rubio, R., Pescador, D. S., Escudero, A., & Sánchez, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13948 · Cited by 17

Grain-filling strategies of wheat of contrasting grain sizes under various planting patterns and irrigation levels

Liang, Z., Feng, J., Li, J., Tang, Y., He, T., Nangia, V., & Liu, Y. (2024) · The Crop Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cj.2024.04.012 · Cited by 16

Local- and global-scale hydrological and sediment connectivity over grassland and shrubland hillslopes

Tiwari, S., Turnbull, L., & Wainwright, J. (2025) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132896 · Cited by 16

Exploring trade-offs and synergies between economy development and ecosystem sustainability of the eco-fragile regions in the context of food security

Wen, R., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145604 · Cited by 16

Managing Climate Change: The Role of Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships in Building Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa

Graham, C. C. (2020) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies · doi:10.24926/ijps.v7i2.3386 · Cited by 21

The Mechanism by Which Umbrella-Shaped Ratchet Trichomes on the Elaeagnus angustifolia Leaf Surface Collect Water and Reflect Light

Bei, Z., Zhang, X., & Tian, X. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12071024 · Cited by 16

Understanding ecological restoration potential: The role of water resources and slope gradient limits

Yang, Q., Liu, G., Li, H., Santagata, R., & Yang, Z. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169001 · Cited by 16

Fertile island effects across soil depths in drylands of the Tibetan Plateau

Ma, T., Maestre, F. T., Eldridge, D. J., Ke, W., Hu, T., & Ye, J. (2024) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-024-06591-0 · Cited by 18

Ecosystem multifunctionality is more related to the indirect effects than to the direct effects of human management in China's drylands

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Moderating Climate Hazard Risk through Cooperation in Asian Drylands

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