The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toxic effects of tetracycline and its degradation products on freshwater green algae
Abstract
Tetracycline antibiotics are the most widely used antibiotics in the world and the most common veterinary drugs and feed additives used in livestock, poultry and aquaculture operations. Because antibiotics cannot be completely removed by currently existing sewage treatment facilities, these materials enter the environment directly via sewage treatment plant discharge, where they degrade. Accordingly, the metabolism and the ecological toxicity of tetracycline degradation products are worthy of attention. Herein, we investigated the effects of tetracycline and its degradation products (anhydrotetracycline and epitetracycline hydrochloride) on the growth, cell structure and algal cell oxidative stress of common Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that the 96h-EC 50 values of tetracycline (TC), anhydrotetracycline (ATC) and epitetracycline (ETC) on algal cells were 7.73, 5.96 and 8.42 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the permeability of algal cells exposed to high concentrations of these three drugs was significantly enhanced. In addition, there were structural changes in the cells such as plasmolysis and starch granule deposition appeared, the thylakoid lamellae in the chloroplasts became blurred and deformed, and the vacuoles became larger. Exposure to higher concentrations (>5 mg/L) of TC and its degradation products ATC and ETC significantly upregulated the activity of ROS, as well as the antioxidants SOD and CAT. The levels of the lipid peroxidation product MDA also showed the same trend. Finally, ATC had the strongest toxicity toward algal cells, followed by TC and then ETC.
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“Both results show that the drugs used in aquaculture eventually end up in the aquaculture environment, leading to the problem of veterinary drug residues in the produced algae food.”
From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [114]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, D., Xiao, Y., Pan, H., & Mei, Y.
- Affiliations
- ZheJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Dongmei
- Venue
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 174
- Pages
- 43-47
- ISSN
- 0147-6513 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2917006278
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY18B070005)
- Zhejiang Shuren University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- tetracycline, anhydrotetracycline, antibiotic degradation products, Chlorella vulgaris, freshwater green algae, algal growth inhibition, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability, plasmolysis, chloroplast ultrastructure
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antioxidants, Fresh Water, Tetracycline, Tetracyclines, Lipid Peroxidation, Oxidative Stress, Chlorella vulgaris
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