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A tiered approach for mapping ecosystem services
Open accessAbstract
Ecosystem services (ES) mapping make the benefits of nature spatially explicit. The different methods used for ES mapping limit the comparability of outcomes and call for a more consistent but flexible approach. We present a four step tiered approach for ES mapping supporting scholars to select the adequate combination of variables: First, the user, researcher or policy maker defines the goal of the ES assessment. Second, a meta-analysis of relevant ES mapping studies is conducted to identify key variables for mapping the selected ES. Third, the identified variables are attributed to the different levels of the multitier framework according to the level at which they best answer the policy or research question. Finally, appropriate methods for mapping the ES are selected based on the reviewed studies. We illustrate the approach for recreational services at three different tiers. Main advantages of the tiered approach are that (i) it can be adapted to other ES, (ii) it supports the efforts toward a standardized ES assessment, (iii) it provides information about relevant variables to be considered in long term monitoring at different scales, (iv) it supports sustainable resource management as it ensures the inclusion of information relevant to decision makers at different levels.
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“A tiered (scaled) approach of ES mapping [182] may help to overcome the scaling problems between Integrated River Basin Management and Urban Water Management [170].”
From Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [182]
In the citing paper
“Ecosystem services (ES) are increasingly used for decision-taking in environmental management, as they promote a deeper understanding of the social-ecological system [182] and as they identify (positive) use options rather than (negative) pressure avoidance as drivers for ecosystem management [14].”
From Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [182]
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Citations
Cites
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis
Assessment, M. E. (2005) · Island Press · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18167309 · Cited by 10,665
de Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. (2009) · Ecological Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006 · Cited by 3,706 · cited 1×
“…ed for ES mapping range from data availability to the integration of inter-linkages and multiple scales into the approaches (e.g. Tallis and Polasky, 2009; de Groot et al., 2010; Maes et al., 2012a, 2012b; Martinez-Harms and Balvanera, 2012;Crossman et al., 2012, 2013; Schägner et al., 2013).”
A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas
Ostrom, E. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0702288104 · Cited by 2,728 · cited 8×
“In this contribution, we present how a tiered approach based on the Ostrom (2007) framework can be adapted for ES mapping: The different tiers are de fi ned according to how the considered variables affect ES interactions, ES supply and ES demand related to a speci fi c empirical or policy question…”
InfluentialUnderstanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services
Bennett, E. M., Peterson, G., & Gordon, L. J. (2009) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x · Cited by 2,630 · cited 4×
“A consistent yet fl exible approach can thus be highly bene-fi ciary when dealing with complex nested social – ecological systems, where aspects of behavior are interrelated and unpredictable and where causes are always multiple (Bennett et al., 2009).”
InfluentialNelson, E., Mendoza, G., Regetz, J., Polasky, S., Tallis, H., Cameron, D., Chan, K. M., Daily, G. C., Goldstein, J., Kareiva, P. M., et al. (2009) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1890/080023 · Cited by 2,389 · cited 2×
“Combined with scenarios about changes in environmental, societal or economic conditions, or governance structures, mapping of ES supply or values has been used to investigate the sustainability of future developments and define areas sensitive to changes (e.g. Costanza et al., 2006; Metzger et al., 2006; Grêt-Regamey…”
Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Carpenter, S. R., Mooney, H. A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R. S., Díaz, S., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A. K., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Pereira, H. M., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808772106 · Cited by 2,257 · cited 2×
“ES are the products of complex interconnected social – ecological systems (Carpenter et al., 2009; Scholes et al., 2013).”
Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes
Raudsepp‐Hearne, C., Peterson, G., & Bennett, E. M. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0907284107 · Cited by 2,023 · cited 4×
“Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Land Use [5,16,23,27,34,39,42] Administrative boundaries [29,38]: national Administrative boundaries [29,38]: local Bogs, moorland [6,21,29,32,33, 35,41,43] Agriculture [4,13,21,24,29,30,32,33,34, 6,41] Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]: European…”
InfluentialEcosystem Services in Decision Making: Time to Deliver
Salzman, J., Daily, G. C., Polasky, S., Goldstein, J., Kareiva, P., Mooney, H. A., Pejchar, L., Ricketts, T. H., & Shallenberger, R. J. (2009) · Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University) · Cited by 1,990
Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments
Díaz, S., Lavorel, S., de Bello, F., Quétier, F., Grigulis, K., & Robson, T. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704716104 · Cited by 1,658 · cited 1×
“…traits have been identi fi ed as key mechanisms by which groups of species in fl uence ecosystem properties, and regression approaches using local data have been used to link community structures to ecosystem functioning (e.g. Grigulis et al., 2013; Lavorel and Grigulis, 2012; Diaz et al., 2007).”
Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology?
Kremen, C. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x · Cited by 1,412 · cited 1×
“Most studies have described spatial co-occurrence among services or between multiple ES and biodiversity and the processes that drive ES delivery and cause trade-offs or synergies remain often unclear (e.g. Kremen, 2005; Quétier et al., 2007).”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Capistrano, 2005, 2005, 388
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Items 101–150 of 150
Nematollahi, S., Fakheran, S., Jafari, A., Raeisi, T., & Pourmanafi, S. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.47176/ijae.8.4.8912 · Cited by 6
Riffat, M., Esmail, B. A., Wang, J., & Albert, C. (2023) · Ecosystems and People · doi:10.1080/26395916.2023.2263105 · Cited by 7
“Integrating knowledge about biodiversity and ecosystems into planning and decision-making is fundamental to promoting sustainable development (Grêt-Regamey et al. 2015, 2017b; Ruckelshaus et al. 2015; Qiu et al. CONTACT Maria Riffat maria.riffat@rub.de @MsRiffat This article has been corrected with…”
BackgroundRojas, J. R., Montagne, D., Saby, N., Coblinski, J. A., Pindral, S., Medina‐Roldán, E., Lorenzetti, R., Scammacca, O., Piccini, C., Borůvka, L., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.70215 · Cited by 5
“…a very effective method to provide an overview of multiple STs/SESs in space, while process-based modelling is necessary to understand how management influences STs/SESs or to predict the consequences of unprecedented climate or management scenarios (Grêt-Regamey et al. 2015; Schröter et al. 2016).”
Analuddin, K., Rahim, S., Iswandi, R. M., Widayati, W., Iba, W., Jaya, L. M. G., Septiana, A., Helmi, M., Pribadi, R., Adrianto, L., et al. (2025) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104632 · Cited by 5
Rivieccio, R., Bene, C. D., Paolanti, M., Marchetti, M. A., & Napoli, R. (2019) · Journal of Maps · doi:10.1080/17445647.2019.1690595 · Cited by 5
Esmail, B. A., Cortinovis, C., Geneletti, D., Inostroza, L., Peters, R., Romelli, C., Schulze, I., Tecle-Misghina, B., Teklemariam, M., Wang, J., et al. (2024) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-024-02078-x · Cited by 5
“Step De fi ning ES potential values and mapping This study follows the tiered approach to ES mapping and assessment, as proposed by Grêt-Regamey et al. (2015).”
Sieber, I. M., Montero-Hidalgo, M., Kato-Huerta, J., Rendón, P., Santos-Martín, F., Geneletti, D., Gil, A., Trégarot, E., Lagabrielle, E., Parelho, C., et al. (2022) · One Ecosystem · doi:10.3897/oneeco.7.e87179 · Cited by 5
Does Inbound Tourism Create Employment?
Santos, E. (2023) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8485-3_22 · Cited by 5
Tanács, E., Vári, Á., Bede‐Fazekas, Á., Báldí, A., Csákvári, E., Endrédi, A., Fabók, V., Fodor, L. K., Kiss, M., Koncz, P., et al. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15118489 · Cited by 8
An online method database for mapping and assessing ecosystem services
Reichel, S., & Klug, H. (2018) · One Ecosystem · doi:10.3897/oneeco.3.e25542 · Cited by 5
“MEAS, OpenNESS, OPERAs) and particularly the tiered approach after Grêt-Regamey et al. (2015).”
MethodScammacca, O., Montagne, D., Asins, S., Bondi, G., Borůvka, L., Buttafuocò, G., Cadéro, A., Calzolari, C., Cousin, I., Czuba, M., et al. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178646 · Cited by 4
Jiricka-Pürrer, A., & Stoeglehner, G. (2025) · Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal · doi:10.1080/14615517.2025.2542081 · Cited by 4
Trégarot, E., & Failler, P. (2021) · One Ecosystem · doi:10.3897/oneeco.6.e74170 · Cited by 4
Riva, M., Kienast, F., & Grêt‐Regamey, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17652-4 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSwitalski, M., van Strien, M. J., & Grêt‐Regamey, A. (2025) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2025.2476942 · Cited by 4
“…this can be done within a single model using the same dataset; therefore, future place-based modelling can capture the main cornerstones of evaluating urban form, infrastructure planning or nature’s contribution to people (Chaudhary et al., 2015; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2015; Kaltenborn et al., 2017).”
Self-citationTrummer, J., & Wilkes‐Allemann, J. (2025) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103510 · Cited by 3
Orman fonksiyonu mu ekosistem hizmeti mi?
Vatandaşlar, C. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Forestry | Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi · doi:10.18182/tjf.892837 · Cited by 3
Thoya, P. Z., Owuor, M. A., von Thenen, M., & Omukoto, J. O. (2022) · Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.4314/wiojms.si2022.1.4 · Cited by 3
“Mapping and valuing ES can help the understanding of the complex socio-economic and environmental importance of coastal ecosystems to a wide range of users (Asah et al., 2014; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLittles, C. J., Lewis, N. S., DeWitt, T. H., & Harwell, M. C. (2023) · Ecosystems and People · doi:10.1080/26395916.2023.2276756 · Cited by 3
“They noted differences in the type of data needed based on the scope (i.e. tier) of the question or problem (Grêt-Regamey et al. 2015), and this approach seems helpful in the context of adaptive coastal resource management.”
Evolution and Future of Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessment
Suciu, N., Panizzi, S., Ciffroy, P., Ginebreda, A., Tediosi, A., Barceló, ., & Capri, E. (2017) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59502-3_1 · Cited by 3
Yaneva, R., Zhiyanski, M., Markoff, I., Sokolovská, M., & Nedkov, S. (2018) · One Ecosystem · doi:10.3897/oneeco.3.e23156 · Cited by 3
“…ecosystem goods and services – an approach that is currently gaining more implication in the development of decision support tools that integrate ecological, geographical and socioeconomic methods (Apitz 2013, Bagstad et al. 2013, Grêt-Regamey et al. 2017, Maes and Jacobs 2015, Maes et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMapping Ecosystem Service: Challenges and Solutions
Ibrahim, M., Karimi, H., Mustafa, Y. T., & Hassan, M. (2022) · Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends · doi:10.38094/jastt302172 · Cited by 3
Boundary Setting for Ecosystem Services by Factor Analysis
Lee, J.-H., Kim, S., Kim, B.-R., Kim, I., Park, H.-J., & Kwon, H. (2019) · International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development · doi:10.14246/irspsd.7.2_21 · Cited by 2
“This can create a more useful tool for local planning (Grêt-Regamey et al., 2015; Raudsepp- Hearne, Ciara & Peterson, 2016).”
MethodYawson, D. O., Adu, M. O., Asare, P. A., & Armah, F. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_214 · Cited by 2
Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI) in Urban Areas
Pinto, L. V., Ferreira, C., Ferreira, A., Kalantari, Z., & Pereira, P. A. D. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_174-1 · Cited by 2
Yawson, D. O., Adu, M. O., Asare, P. A., & Armah, F. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_214-1 · Cited by 1
Ikematsu, P., Portes, B. C. N., Pavani, B. F., Marques, M. G. D. A., Filho, W. M., de Sousa, W. C., Sinisgalli, P. A. D. A., & Quintanilha, J. A. (2024) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59611-7_23 · Cited by 1
Rovai, M., Galli, F., Henke, R., Ramos, I. L., & Partidärio, M. R. (2025) · Landscape series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98153-1_3 · Cited by 1
Albert, C., Henke, R., Iwanowski, J., Kosan, A., Mehl, D., & Romelli, C. (2022) · Raumforschung und Raumordnung / Spatial Research and Planning · doi:10.14512/rur.75 · Cited by 1
Methoden der Erfassung und Bewertung von Ökosystemleistungen
Burkhard, B., Lange, S., Müller, F., Schweppe-Kraft, B., Grunewald, K., Syrbe, R., Lupp, G., Bastian, O., & Holfeld, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65916-8_4 · Cited by 1
Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI) in Urban Areas
Pinto, L. V., Ferreira, C., Ferreira, A., Kalantari, Z., & Pereira, P. A. D. S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87745-3_174 · Cited by 1
Changes in Ecosystem Services in Mie Prefecture
Yamamoto, M., & Ken, O. H. N. O. (2019) · Landscape Research Japan Online · doi:10.5632/jilaonline.12.21
Costa, J. R. D., & Peloggia, A. U. G. (2019) · Geography Department University of Sao Paulo · doi:10.11606/rdg.v37i0.151838
“The use of the Ecosystem Service (ES) concept has become a constant in several studies to incorporate the idea of ecological sustainability in the decisionmaking for administrative policies (GRÊT-REGAMEY et al., 2015).”
MethodForest Management and Water Resources in the Anthropocene
Sun, G., & Vose, J. M. (2017) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-576-2
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Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Global Trends in Social Science · doi:10.70731/dqfm7k95
Ecosystem service provision assessment: A framework for conservation decision making
Jerome, C. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14082-2.00123-x
Devkota, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5374350
Co-construction of an Ecosystem Services Based Metropolitan Green Infrastructure in Lisbon
Ramos, I. L., Silva, V. R., Monteiro, R., Duarte, C. M., Maranha, E. M., Ferreira, J. C., & Partidärio, M. R. (2025) · Landscape series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98153-1_8
Volpato, A., Buckley, C., & Moran, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5739004
Wen, C., Albert, C., & von Haaren, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20235717
Volpato, A., Buckley, C., & Moran, J. (2026) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2026.127435
Xu, L., Moutou, C., Martin, H., Wei, Y., Chang, L. T.-C., & Tice, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7434443
Vranić, P., & Petkovski, I. (2026) · International Scientific Conference Green Building · doi:10.5937/greenb26009v
Metadata
- Authors
- Grêt-Regamey, A., Weibel, B., Kienast, F., Rabe, S.-E., & Zulian, G.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (CH)
- European Commission (BE)
- Venue
- Ecosystem Services
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 16-27
- ISSN
- 2212-0416 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1966291929
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 9.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecosystem Services (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DORA WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Joint Research Centre (European Commission) (submittedVersion)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- Joint Research Centre
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Environmental Valuation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Keywords
- ecosystem service mapping, tiered approach, recreational ecosystem services, long-term monitoring, sustainable resource management, multi-scale mapping
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