A tiered approach for mapping ecosystem services

“…ed for ES mapping range from data availability to the integration of inter-linkages and multiple scales into the approaches (e.g. Tallis and Polasky, 2009; de Groot et al., 2010; Maes et al., 2012a, 2012b; Martinez-Harms and Balvanera, 2012;Crossman et al., 2012, 2013; Schägner et al., 2013).”

“In this contribution, we present how a tiered approach based on the Ostrom (2007) framework can be adapted for ES mapping: The different tiers are de fi ned according to how the considered variables affect ES interactions, ES supply and ES demand related to a speci fi c empirical or policy question…”

“A consistent yet fl exible approach can thus be highly bene-fi ciary when dealing with complex nested social – ecological systems, where aspects of behavior are interrelated and unpredictable and where causes are always multiple (Bennett et al., 2009).”

“Combined with scenarios about changes in environmental, societal or economic conditions, or governance structures, mapping of ES supply or values has been used to investigate the sustainability of future developments and define areas sensitive to changes (e.g. Costanza et al., 2006; Metzger et al., 2006; Grêt-Regamey…”

“ES are the products of complex interconnected social – ecological systems (Carpenter et al., 2009; Scholes et al., 2013).”

“Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Land Use [5,16,23,27,34,39,42] Administrative boundaries [29,38]: national Administrative boundaries [29,38]: local Bogs, moorland [6,21,29,32,33, 35,41,43] Agriculture [4,13,21,24,29,30,32,33,34, 6,41] Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]: European…”

“…traits have been identi fi ed as key mechanisms by which groups of species in fl uence ecosystem properties, and regression approaches using local data have been used to link community structures to ecosystem functioning (e.g. Grigulis et al., 2013; Lavorel and Grigulis, 2012; Diaz et al., 2007).”

“Most studies have described spatial co-occurrence among services or between multiple ES and biodiversity and the processes that drive ES delivery and cause trade-offs or synergies remain often unclear (e.g. Kremen, 2005; Quétier et al., 2007).”

“, 2008; Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013) or activities and values (e.g. Raymond et al., 2009; Bryan et al., 2010; Klain and Chan, 2012; Plieninger et al., 2013; van Berkel and Verburg, 2014) in surveys and interviews.”

“Another widely used methodology relies on well-known relationships between indicators and ES including information from literature (e.g. Chan et al., 2006; Egoh et al., 2008; Naidoo et al., 2008).”

“Another widely used methodology relies on well-known relationships between indicators and ES including information from literature (e.g. Chan et al., 2006; Egoh et al., 2008; Naidoo et al., 2008).”

“Within the last years, researchers have developed more comprehensive approaches for quantifying connections between ecological structures and processes and ES for spatial extents and time frames useful in management (Quétier et al., 2007; deBello et al., 2010).”

“…ed for ES mapping range from data availability to the integration of inter-linkages and multiple scales into the approaches (e.g. Tallis and Polasky, 2009; de Groot et al., 2010; Maes et al., 2012a, 2012b; Martinez-Harms and Balvanera, 2012;Crossman et al., 2012, 2013; Schägner et al., 2013).”

“If experts are asked to rank an environmental variable category based on the knowledge that they have about the potential of these categories to supply an ES, the methodology corresponds to an expert knowledge approach (e.g. Burkhard et al., 2009; Kienast et al., 2009; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2012).”

“…mapping of ES supply or values has been used to investigate the sustainability of future developments and de fi ne areas sensitive to changes (e.g. Costanza et al., 2006; Metzger et al., 2006; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2008, 2013b; Daily et al., 2009; Nelson et al., 2009; Tallis and Polasky, 2009).”

“…ed for ES mapping range from data availability to the integration of inter-linkages and multiple scales into the approaches (e.g. Tallis and Polasky, 2009; de Groot et al., 2010; Maes et al., 2012a, 2012b; Martinez-Harms and Balvanera, 2012;Crossman et al., 2012, 2013; Schägner et al., 2013).”

“The last category covers quantitative regression model approaches (e.g. Lavorel et al., 2011).”

“Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Land Use [5,16,23,27,34,39,42] Administrative boundaries [29,38]: national Administrative boundaries [29,38]: local Bogs, moorland [6,21,29,32,33, 35,41,43] Agriculture [4,13,21,24,29,30,32,33,34, 6,41] Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]: European…”

“While blueprints attempt to structure the approaches suggesting best practices for modeling and mapping ES (Crossman et al., 2013), a stepwise approach for practitioners, where complexity increases across tiers, is suggested for example by the IPCC (2006) tiered approach, the TEEB (2010) tiered approach, and implement…”

“Another widely used methodology relies on well-known relationships between indicators and ES including information from literature (e.g. Chan et al., 2006; Egoh et al., 2008; Naidoo et al., 2008).”

“When re fl ecting the four sources of errors in ES value mapping identi fi ed by Eigenbrod et al. (2010a,b), including (1) errors in the primary ES supply and value estimates, (2) uniformity, generalization or interpolation errors, (3) sampling or publication errors and (4) regionalization or…”

“, 2014) to manifold relationships considering for example the quality of a recreational site, recreational facilities and high quality views on large mountains or water bodies (e.g. Caspersen and Olafsson, 2010; Bagstad et al., 2011; Lautenbach et al., 2011; Casado-Arzuaga et al., 2013; Larondell and Haase, 2013; Kopp…”

“While several authors noted a critical need for mapping the simultaneous provision of multiple services at the landscape scale (Naidoo and Ricketts, 2006; Gimona and van der Horst, 2007), advancing the understanding of ES trade-offs and synergies is highly needed (Bennett et al., 2009; Carpenter et…”

“ES maps can be integrated in participative planning methods where they are used as decision support (e.g. Koschke et al., 2012; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2013c).”

“…traits have been identi fi ed as key mechanisms by which groups of species in fl uence ecosystem properties, and regression approaches using local data have been used to link community structures to ecosystem functioning (e.g. Grigulis et al., 2013; Lavorel and Grigulis, 2012; Diaz et al., 2007).”

“…[29,38]: national Administrative boundaries [29,38]: local Bogs, moorland [6,21,29,32,33, 35,41,43] Agriculture [4,13,21,24,29,30,32,33,34, 6,41] Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]: European Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]:…”

“…been applied to the higher tiers 2 and 3 using participatory mapping for collecting primary data about locations of recreational sites (e.g. Brown, 2004; Beverly et al., 2008; Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013) or activities and values (e.g. Raymond et al., 2009; Bryan et al., 2010; Klain…”

“…traits have been identi fi ed as key mechanisms by which groups of species in fl uence ecosystem properties, and regression approaches using local data have been used to link community structures to ecosystem functioning (e.g. Grigulis et al., 2013; Lavorel and Grigulis, 2012; Diaz et al., 2007).”

“The emerging concept of macro system ecology, emphasizing the investigation of the interactions between different temporal and geographic scales integrating knowledge of different disciplines (Heffernan et al., 2014), could support our efforts in generating ES maps relevant for decision-makers.”

“Methodologies of the fourth category extrapolate ES estimates of primary data such as fi eld surveys (e.g. Anderson et al., 2009; Raudsepp-Hearne et al., 2010).”

“…data about locations of recreational sites (e.g. Brown, 2004; Beverly et al., 2008; Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013) or activities and values (e.g. Raymond et al., 2009; Bryan et al., 2010; Klain and Chan, 2012; Plieninger et al., 2013; van Berkel and Verburg, 2014) in surveys and interviews.”

“As the determinants of both the supply and demand of ES are spatially variable, mapping ES values has as well gained increasing attention in current research (see Schägner et al., 2013 for a review).”

“…site, recreational facilities and high quality views on large mountains or water bodies (e.g. Caspersen and Olafsson, 2010; Bagstad et al., 2011; Lautenbach et al., 2011; Casado-Arzuaga et al., 2013; Larondell and Haase, 2013; Koppen et al., 2014; Paracchini et al., 2014) were applied at…”

“ES are the products of complex interconnected social – ecological systems (Carpenter et al., 2009; Scholes et al., 2013).”

“…data about locations of recreational sites (e.g. Brown, 2004; Beverly et al., 2008; Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013) or activities and values (e.g. Raymond et al., 2009; Bryan et al., 2010; Klain and Chan, 2012; Plieninger et al., 2013; van Berkel and Verburg, 2014) in surveys and interviews.”

“If experts are asked to rank an environmental variable category based on the knowledge that they have about the potential of these categories to supply an ES, the methodology corresponds to an expert knowledge approach (e.g. Burkhard et al., 2009; Kienast et al., 2009; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2012).”

“The variables attributed to each tier are then linked through relationships identi fi ed in the literature, according to, for example, Egoh et al. (2012).”

“If experts are asked to rank an environmental variable category based on the knowledge that they have about the potential of these categories to supply an ES, the methodology corresponds to an expert knowledge approach (e.g. Burkhard et al., 2009; Kienast et al., 2009; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2012).”

“The number of research studies and reviews on ES mapping are growing exponentially (e.g. Kareiva et al., 2011; Seppelt et al., 2011; Martinez-Harms and Balvanera, 2012; Schägner et al., 2013), and efforts are taken to make the ES concept operational, for example under the umbrella of OpenNESS, OPERAs, or GreenSurge—al…”

“The selection of input data can also signi fi cantly affect ES estimates, as demonstrated by Konarska et al. (2002) and Kandziora et al. (2014), which calls for a careful selection of input variables and methods to address the question at stake.”

“…boundaries [29,38]: local Bogs, moorland [6,21,29,32,33, 35,41,43] Agriculture [4,13,21,24,29,30,32,33,34, 6,41] Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]: European Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]: national typology and population density.”

“Most studies have described spatial co-occurrence among services or between multiple ES and biodiversity and the processes that drive ES delivery and cause trade-offs or synergies remain often unclear (e.g. Kremen, 2005; Quétier et al., 2007).”

“ES maps can be integrated in participative planning methods where they are used as decision support (e.g. Koschke et al., 2012; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2013c).”

“…several authors noted a critical need for mapping the simultaneous provision of multiple services at the landscape scale (Naidoo and Ricketts, 2006; Gimona and van der Horst, 2007), advancing the understanding of ES trade-offs and synergies is highly needed (Bennett et al., 2009; Carpenter et al.,…”

“…GIS-based approach were combined, for example for determining preferences through surveys and then deriving common landscape features (e.g. Kliskey, 2000; Hill and Courtney, 2004; Termansen et al., 2004; Chhetri and Arrowsmith, 2008) in quantitative regression models (e.g. Kienast et al., 2012).”

“…ed for ES mapping range from data availability to the integration of inter-linkages and multiple scales into the approaches (e.g. Tallis and Polasky, 2009; de Groot et al., 2010; Maes et al., 2012a, 2012b; Martinez-Harms and Balvanera, 2012;Crossman et al., 2012, 2013; Schägner et al., 2013).”

“…applied to the higher tiers 2 and 3 using participatory mapping for collecting primary data about locations of recreational sites (e.g. Brown, 2004; Beverly et al., 2008; Vollmer and Grêt-Regamey, 2013) or activities and values (e.g. Raymond et al., 2009; Bryan et al., 2010; Klain and Chan, 2012;…”

“…and GIS-based approach were combined, for example for determining preferences through surveys and then deriving common landscape features (e.g. Kliskey, 2000; Hill and Courtney, 2004; Termansen et al., 2004; Chhetri and Arrowsmith, 2008) in quantitative regression models (e.g. Kienast et al.,…”

“Finally, many ES mapping studies use different boundaries from administrative to functional (Seppelt et al., 2011; Helfenstein and Kienast, 2014).”

“…used to investigate how ES values vary across space and to identify spatial areas with high or low provision and high or low demand for ES which in combination reveal areas under pressure (e.g. Chan et al., 2006; Eigenbrod et al., 2010c; Raudsepp-Hearne et al., 2010; Grêt-Regamey et al., 2013a).”

“…mapping methods were often also used to assess the number of visitors and their preferences for recreational site qualities, while GIS-based methods were more used to quantify the accessibility based on infrastructure and population density (e.g. Joyce and Sutton, 2009; Beeco et al., 2014).”

“For example, selection of the IPCC approaches for accounting for carbon from forest harvesting and wood products is based on understanding what information should be generated that meet the reporting requirements of the Convention (Lim et al., 1999).”

“…considering for example the quality of a recreational site, recreational facilities and high quality views on large mountains or water bodies (e.g. Caspersen and Olafsson, 2010; Bagstad et al., 2011; Lautenbach et al., 2011; Casado-Arzuaga et al., 2013; Larondell and Haase, 2013; Koppen et…”

“Category four and five of Martinez-Harms and Balvanera (2012), namely extrapolation of primary data and quantitative regression models, have especially been applied to the higher tiers 2 and 3 using participatory mapping for collecting primary data about locations of recreational sites (e.g. Brown, 2004; Beverly et al…”

“…ed for ES mapping range from data availability to the integration of inter-linkages and multiple scales into the approaches (e.g. Tallis and Polasky, 2009; de Groot et al., 2010; Maes et al., 2012a, 2012b; Martinez-Harms and Balvanera, 2012;Crossman et al., 2012, 2013; Schägner et al., 2013).”

“…mapping methods were often also used to assess the number of visitors and their preferences for recreational site qualities, while GIS-based methods were more used to quantify the accessibility based on infrastructure and population density (e.g. Joyce and Sutton, 2009; Beeco et al., 2014).”

“…GIS-based approach were combined, for example for determining preferences through surveys and then deriving common landscape features (e.g. Kliskey, 2000; Hill and Courtney, 2004; Termansen et al., 2004; Chhetri and Arrowsmith, 2008) in quantitative regression models (e.g. Kienast et al., 2012).”

“Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Land Use [5,16,23,27,34,39,42] Administrative boundaries [29,38]: national Administrative boundaries [29,38]: local Bogs, moorland [6,21,29,32,33, 35,41,43] Agriculture [4,13,21,24,29,30,32,33,34, 6,41] Coastline/lake and river shore [11,21,25,29,35,36,41,44,45,47]: European…”

“The two maps show the supply of “ nearby recreation ” for (a) densely populated areas which – as a rule (Degenhardt et al., 2011) – has a high demand for recreation (upper middle), and (b) for less densely populated areas with a lower demand (lower middle).”

“…GIS-based approach were combined, for example for determining preferences through surveys and then deriving common landscape features (e.g. Kliskey, 2000; Hill and Courtney, 2004; Termansen et al., 2004; Chhetri and Arrowsmith, 2008) in quantitative regression models (e.g. Kienast et al., 2012).”

“Despite this, we are confident in the generalizability of our results, as similar explanatory variables have been found to be important in other European mapping studies of the quantity and quality of aesthetic and/or outdoor recreation opportunities available to individuals (23, 25).”