Effective programs for struggling readers: A best-evidence synthesis
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High-dosage and one-to-one tutoring was shown to be effective before the pandemic.
“High-dosage and one-to-one tutoring was shown to be effective before the pandemic38; online tutoring variants might be effective and much less costly39 but more research is needed.”
From COVID-19, school closures, and student learning outcomes. New global evidence from PISA (2025) · cites this paper as [38]
Cites
Tallal, P., Miller, S. L., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X., Nagarajan, S. S., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5245.81 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Temporal Processing Deficits of Language-Learning Impaired Children Ameliorated by Training
Merzenich, M. M., Jenkins, W. M., Johnston, P., Schreiner, C., Miller, S. L., & Tallal, P. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5245.77 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Do studies of statistical power have an effect on the power of studies?
Sedlmeier, P., & Gigerenzer, G. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.309 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Dyslexia-specific brain activation profile becomes normal following successful remedial training
Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Bergman, E., Breier, J. I., Foorman, B. R., Castillo, E. M., Davis, R. N., Fitzgerald, M., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.8.1203 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Measures Inherent to Treatments in Program Effectiveness Reviews
Slavin, R., & Madden, N. A. (2011) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2011.558986 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
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How Methodological Features Affect Effect Sizes in Education
Cheung, A. C. K., & Slavin, R. E. (2016) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x16656615 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationDietrichson, J., Bøg, M., Filges, T., & Klint Jørgensen, A.-M. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654316687036 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
McTigue, E. M., Solheim, O. J., Zimmer, W. K., & Uppstad, P. H. (2020) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.256 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A democratic critique of scripted curriculum
Fitz, J. A., & Nikolaidis, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2019.1661524 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A framework for learning from null results
Jacob, R. T., Doolittle, F., Kemple, J., & Somers, M.-A. (2019) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x19891955 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nickow, A., Oreopoulos, P., & Quan, V. (2024) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312231208687 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dietrichson, J., Filges, T., Seerup, J. K., Klokker, R. H., Viinholt, B. C. A., Bøg, M., & Eiberg, M. (2021) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1152 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
COVID-19, school closures, and student learning outcomes. New global evidence from PISA
Jakubowski, M., Gajderowicz, T., & Patrinos, H. A. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00297-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Testing the Effects of GraphoGame Against a Computer-Assisted Math Intervention in Primary School
Lassault, J., Sprenger-Charolles, L., Albrand, J.-P., Alavoine, E., Richardson, U., Lyytinen, H., & Ziegler, J. C. (2022) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2022.2052884 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In their review of 14 studies, Slavin et al. (2011) found only very small effects (Effect Size, ES = 0.09) of educational technology programs for struggling elementary readers.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Slavin, R. E., Lake, C., Davis, S., & Madden, N. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Success for All Foundation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slavin, Robert E.
- Venue
- Educational Research Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 1747-938X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2099847255
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 24.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Research Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- struggling readers, reading intervention, one-on-one tutoring, small-group tutoring, phonics instruction, computer-assisted instruction, cooperative learning, reading achievement, early elementary education
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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