Selection of Lithium-ion Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles under China’s New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation
Open accessAbstract
Electric vehicle, as the most promising innovative solution for energy transition, has gained high priority globally. The newly issued Chinese new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation is expected to have a dramatic impact on the development of Chinese and even global electric vehicle market as well as energy structure. This paper focuses on the development of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles under the regulation and establishes a bottom-up model to compare different batteries from the perspective of credit cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that small BEVs will always have the highest credit cost-effectiveness and midsize BEVs can obtain the highest credit quickly before 2020. As for different Li-ion batteries, the LFP battery is losing superiority compared to NCM batteries, and the NCA battery is slightly inferior to NCM811 because of the technical difficulties through 2020. Under the guidance of policies, the larger the vehicle and AER, the higher nickel batteries will be applied. It’s predictable that with the rapid development of batteries, the credit cost-effectiveness will be higher and higher. Moreover, the capacity of high nickel batteries will continue to expand, which will have a great influence on the demand and price of different materials.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Battery research agendas in the US, EU, and China include targets to increase the lifespan of batteries.
“Battery research agendas in the US 58 , EU 25 , and China 60 include targets to increase the lifespan of batteries, which is why we assume that after 2020 batteries will have the same lifespan distributions as EVs and no replacement of batteries is required (Supplementary Table 16).”
From Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles
Nykvist, B., & Nilsson, M. (2015) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2564 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
Electrochemical–thermal analysis of 18650 Lithium Iron Phosphate cell
Saw, L. H., Ye, Y., & Tay, A. A. O. (2013) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.05.040 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Electric Vehicle Battery Systems
(2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-9916-7.x5000-6 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Technologies and Applications for Smart Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
Veneri, O. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43651-7 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fanchi, J. R. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-075067933-6/50010-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Zhao, F., Yuan, Y., Hao, H., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Automotive Innovation · doi:10.1007/s42154-018-0010-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationDaugherty, M. K., & Carter, V. (2010) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Liu Z. (2017). Fuquan Zhao's Insights on Automotive Industry (Vol. 1). China Machine Press: Beijng, China, 2017.
- Liu, Z., Liu F., Wang, Y., Hao, H., & Zhao, F. (2017). Integrated Study and Combined Policy Suggestions on CAFC, NEV and Carbon Credits [J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 001-009. (in Chinese)
- Zhao, F., Hao, H., & Liu, Z. (2016). Technology strategy to meet China's 5 L/100 km fuel consumption target for passenger vehicles in 2020. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 18(1), 7-15.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries
Xu, C., Dai, Q., Gaines, L., Hu, M., Tukker, A., & Steubing, B. (2020) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-020-00095-x · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Electric vehicle batteries alone could satisfy short-term grid storage demand by as early as 2030
Xu, C., Behrens, P., Gasper, P. J., Smith, K. A., Hu, M., Tukker, A., & Steubing, B. R. P. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35393-0 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Li, J., Ku, Y., Liu, C., & Zhou, Y. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118456 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Research trends and perspectives of thermal management of electric batteries: Bibliometric analysis
Cabeza, L. F., Frazzica, A., Chàfer, M., Vérez, D., & Palomba, V. (2020) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101976 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Influence of state of charge window on the degradation of Tesla lithium-ion battery cells
Chowdhury, N. R., Smith, A. J., Frenander, K., Mikheenkova, A., Lindström, R. W., & Thiringer, T. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.110001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zhong, M., Huang, G., & He, R. (2022) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.123331 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Shao, L., Kou, W., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102550 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Yang, F., Tai-bin, W., & Huang, G. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.113794 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Maile, N. C., Shinde, S. K., Patil, K. S., Fulari, A. V., Shahzad, A., Lee, D. S., & Fulari, V. J. (2019) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1403-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adhesive bonding in automotive battery pack manufacturing and dismantling: a review
Rodrigues, V. C., Kasaei, M. M., Marques, E. A. S., Carbas, R. J. C., & da Silva, L. F. M. (2025) · Discover Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s44245-025-00107-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Exploring the effect of government incentives on electric vehicle purchase intention in smart cities
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., Vrontis, D., & Bresciani, S. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143841 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Examining the Economic and Energy Aspects of Manganese Oxide in Li-Ion Batteries
Rajagopalan, K., Ramasubramanian, B., Velusamy, S., Ramakrishna, S., Kannan, A. M., Manojkumar, K., & Saminathan, K. (2022) · Materials Circular Economy · doi:10.1007/s42824-022-00064-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Peng, L., & Li, Y. (2022) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj13050090 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sabarimuthu, M., Senthilnathan, N., & Kamalesh, M. S. (2023) · Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00202-023-01937-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Research progress of aerogel used in lithium-ion power batteries
Wang, A., Jiang, J., Liu, Y., Wu, J., Ma, Y., Li, M., Lu, W., Hao, Y., & Shi, Y. (2024) · Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries · doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105433 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-driven and efficient leaching of limonitic laterite with phosphoric acid
Luo, J., Rao, M., Li, G., Zhou, Q., Zhu, Z., Jiang, T., & Guo, X. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106979 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Saikia, D., Deka, J. R., Lin, C., Zeng, Y., Lu, B., Kao, H., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138195 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Buravleva, Y., Tang, D., & Bethel, B. J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13158309 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nunes, T. S. N., Moura, J. J. P., Prado, O. G., Camboim, M. M., Rosolem, M. D. F. N. C., Beck, R. F., Omae, C., & Ding, H. (2023) · Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00202-023-01910-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An Overview of Nickel Utilization from Laterite Ore
Li, G., Luo, J., Rao, M., Peng, Z., & Jiang, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5227-2_1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Reddy, G. S., Premkumar, M., Ravi, S., & Abualigah, L. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) · doi:10.11591/ijape.v12.i3.pp255-276 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Selection of battery suppliers for new energy vehicles by an integrated model based on D numbers
Fan, J., Fang, W., & Wu, M. (2022) · Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.3233/jifs-220001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
RetractedWang, H. H., Cui, X., Gao, Z., Shi, H., & Liu, F. (2024) · Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2024.111876 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ding, S., Cucurachi, S., Tukker, A., & Ward, H. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107829 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
BATTERY SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT FOR NEW ENERGY VEHICLES BY A PROBABILISTIC LINGUISTIC UTASTAR METHOD
Liao, H., Liu, Z., Banaitis, A., Zavadskas, E. K., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Transport · doi:10.3846/transport.2021.14710 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAvoiding Thermal Issues During Fast Charging Starting with Proper Cell Selection Criteria
Gonzalez-Aguirre, E., Gastelurrutia, J., Patil, M. S., & del Portillo, L. A. (2021) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac3348 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Peng, L., & Li, Y. (2023) · Energy Sources Part B Economics Planning and Policy · doi:10.1080/15567249.2023.2219681 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An Investigation into Electrolytes and Cathodes for Room-Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
Adeoye, H. A., Tennison, S. R., Watts, J. F., & Lekakou, C. (2024) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries10060216 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
PV Sourced Battery Management System with IoT Based Real Time Monitoring System for Electric Vehicle
Rathod, S., & Aspalli, M. S. (2022) · International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC) · doi:10.1109/icmnwc56175.2022.10031973 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Peng, L., & Li, Y. (2025) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-025-07006-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Investigating the effect of government subsidies on enterprise research and development
Wu, G., Buravleva, Y., Wu, J., Li, Y., Tang, D., & Bethel, B. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.964528 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Zhao, F., Hao, H., & Liu, Z. (2020) · doi:10.46855/energy-proceedings-6710 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, J., Chai, M., & Wu, M. (2024) · Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.3233/jifs-231975 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RetractedFault Detection and Failure Rate Analysis of New Energy Vehicles Based on Decision Tree Algorithm
Tan, P., & Gong, L. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-0803 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peng, L., Chen, J., Yin, L., & Liu, D. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-07749-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anirudh, A., Savitha, P. B., Madhu, S., & Soumyashree, N. (2026) · International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Technologies in Computing, Electrical and Electronics (IITCEE) · doi:10.1109/iitcee67948.2026.11394233 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Huang, X., He, J., & Cheng, S. (2022) · International Conference on E-Business and E-commerce Engineering (EBEE) · doi:10.1145/3589860.3589870 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, C., Li, Z., Ding, H., Huang, J., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-3464 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SOH Estimation of Energy Storage Batteries Based on ICA and Data-driven Fusion Model
Li, Q., Wei, Z., Kang, S. W., & Zhang, M. (2024) · IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) · doi:10.1109/ei264398.2024.10991629
Chen, S., Huang, Y., Cui, C., Xie, J., Zhang, Y., Jia, P., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Physica E Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures · doi:10.1016/j.physe.2026.116490
- Authors
- Chen, K., Zhao, F., Hao, H., & Liu, Z.
- Affiliations
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Zongwei
- Venue
- Energy Procedia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 158
- Pages
- 3038-3044
- ISSN
- 1876-6102 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2921204910
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy Procedia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (71690241, 71403142, 71774100)
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, battery technology selection, lithium iron phosphate batteries, NCM batteries, NCM811, battery energy density, vehicle size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
