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Cited by 54Optimal Power Flow DistributionSmart Grid and Power SystemsMicrogrid Control and Optimization

State-of-the-art technologies for volt-var control to support the penetration of renewable energy into the smart distribution grids

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Gholami, Khalil, Islam, Md. Rabiul, Rahman, Md. Moktadir, Azizivahed, Ali, Fekih, Afef·2022·Energy Reports
DOI 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.080
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Abstract

The currently deployed volt-var infrastructure for voltage optimization in distribution networks would be unable to meet the stringent technological requirements of the electric power grid of the 21st century. If not handled correctly, conventional voltage control systems could inhibit the ubiquitous deployment of renewable energy resources into the future smart grid. For example, the incorporation of renewable energy sources and the new types of energy storage systems in the distribution system provides a threat for the seamless voltage control. In order to overcome such barriers, smart volt-var control methods are needed to be studied and implemented. However, achieving such goals requires a complete background of the contemporary strategies and developments of the volt-var technologies. So far, various techniques have been developed to accommodate the large penetration of renewable energy sources into the distribution networks. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the current technologies that enable distribution system operators to select appropriate strategies for the volt-var control in renewable-rich power grids. This review article investigates the emerging volt-var technologies for the distribution network along with their advantages and disadvantages. It also outlines some of the open research problems and future directions in this topic.

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  • OLTCs and voltage regulators, coordinated control of smart PV inverters, capacitor banks, distribution-level energy storage and STATCOMs have been proposed to address voltage and power-quality issues in PV-rich LV networks.

    “These include on-load tap-changing transformers (OLTCs) and voltage regulators, coordinated control of smart PV inverters, capacitor banks, distribution-level energy storage and flexible AC transmission devices such as static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) [5,8,12,13].”

    From Voltage Regulation in Rooftop PV-Rich Distribution Networks: A Review and Detailed Case Study (2026) · cites this paper as [5]

    Sections 2.2–2.3 and 3.1 describe OLTCs, voltage regulators, coordinated PV-inverter control, capacitor banks, and energy storage for voltage control in distribution grids. Section 4 names DSTATCOMs only as devices whose potential in volt-var schemes should be investigated. The paper does not establish the full list as proposed solutions specifically for PV-rich low-voltage networks or for power-quality issues. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • High penetration of single-phase rooftop PV on LV feeders can lead to voltage rise, increased phase unbalance, neutral-to-ground voltage issues, and reverse power flows, particularly in lightly loaded residential networks.

    “High penetration of single-phase rooftop PV on low voltage (LV) feeders can lead to voltage rise, increased phase unbalance, neutral-to-ground voltage issues, and reverse power flows, particularly in lightly loaded residential networks [5][6][7].”

    From Voltage Regulation in Rooftop PV-Rich Distribution Networks: A Review and Detailed Case Study (2026) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) links renewable generation to overvoltage, and §3.1 (page unavailable) describes overvoltage at peak PV output and voltage-unbalance mitigation using PV inverters. The cited paper does not establish the full combination claimed: single-phase rooftop PV on lightly loaded residential LV feeders causing increased phase unbalance, neutral-to-ground voltage issues, and reverse power flows. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gholami, K., Islam, M. R., Rahman, M. M., Azizivahed, A., & Fekih, A.
Affiliations
  • Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah (IR)
  • University of Wollongong (AU)
  • University of Technology Sydney (AU)
  • University of Louisiana at Lafayette (US)
Corresponding author
Fekih, Afef
ORCID
Venue
Energy Reports
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-11
Volume
8
Pages
8630-8651
ISSN
2352-4847 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.080
OpenAlex
W4283790789
Cited by
54
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2
FWCI
2.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Energy Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid and Power Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
Keywords
volt/var control, voltage regulation, renewable energy integration, smart distribution networks, distribution networks, energy storage systems, voltage optimization, distribution system operators, open problems

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