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Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective?
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“Materials contained in EEE usually include base metals, such as aluminum and copper; precious metals, such as silver and gold; critical raw materials, such as rare earths, gallium, indium; and plastics [184], most of which are very valuable [185][186][187][188].”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [185]
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E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts
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“However, recycling always has a lower ecological impact than landfilling of incinerated E-waste (Hischier et al., 2005).”
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Ongondo, F. O., Williams, I. D., & Cherrett, T. J. (2011) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.023 · Cited by 931
“These fees are cascaded to the distributors, the retailers and finally to the consumers, who pay an ARF with the purchase of any EEE (Streicher-Porte, 2006).”
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Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., & Wong, M. H. (2013) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.006 · Cited by 910
“For example, in Switzerland, Hischier et al. (2005) studied the environmental impacts of the Swiss take-back and recycling systems for e-waste.”
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“Several investigators reported on the individual countries and global legislations on managing and handling of e-waste [1,23–29].”
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“…two different e-waste systems: Swiss Association for Information, Communication and Organization Technology (SWICO) for office, dental, graphic and telecommunication equipment and Swiss Foundation for Waste Management (SENS) for household appliances (Hischier et al., 2005; Streicher-Porte, 2005).”
BackgroundShen, L., Tam, V. W. Y., Tam, L., & Ji, Y. (2009) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.014 · Cited by 432
Electrical and electronic waste: a global environmental problem
Babu, B. R., Parande, A. K., & Basha, C. A. (2007) · Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy · doi:10.1177/0734242x07076941 · Cited by 404
“For example, in Europe the expected growth rate of WEEE is at least 3 to 5% per year (Hischier et al. 2005).”
BackgroundAssessment of Precious Metal Flows During Preprocessing of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Chancerel, P., Meskers, C. E. M., Hagelüken, C., & Rotter, V. S. (2009) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00171.x · Cited by 391
Khetriwal, D. S., Kräuchi, P., & Widmer, R. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.08.019 · Cited by 379
“Hischier et al. (2005) studied the complete Swiss WEEE recycling and disposal activities including the processing of all resulting fractions and compared the environmental impacts of recycling to the impact of avoided primary production of the various raw materials.”
BackgroundThe challenge of electronic waste (e-waste) management in developing countries
Osibanjo, O., & Nnorom, I. C. (2007) · Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy · doi:10.1177/0734242x07082028 · Cited by 372
“Life cycle analysis of the environmental impacts of recycling of EoL WEEE in Switzerland using state-of-the-art recycling facilities, showed that throughout the complete recycling chain, the sorting and dismantling activities are of minor interest; instead the main impact occurs during the treatment applied further do…”
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Life cycle assessment of thermal Waste-to-Energy technologies: Review and recommendations
Astrup, T. F., Tonini, D., Turconi, R., & Boldrin, A. (2015) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.011 · Cited by 350
“Regardless of assumptions, all studies recommended that recycling of WEEE, metals and C&D waste was preferable over incineration (e.g. Hischier et al., 2005; Ortiz et al., 2010; Scharnhorst et al., 2006; Wäger et al., 2011).”
Resource duration as a managerial indicator for Circular Economy performance
Franklin-Johnson, E., Figge, F., & Canning, L. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.023 · Cited by 377
Metal recovery from high-grade WEEE: A life cycle assessment
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A review on human health consequences of metals exposure to e-waste in China
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A roadmap for development of sustainable E-waste management system in India
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“Also approximately 75,000 tonnes of WEEE have been collected, classified, disassembled and then processed in Switzerland in 2004 (Hischier et al., 2005), compared with the collection of approximately 68,000 tonnes in 2003 (SinhaKhetriwal et al., 2005) which corresponds to about 11 kg/capita and 9…”
Background“Control-Alt-Delete”: Rebooting Solutions for the E-Waste Problem
Li, J., Zeng, X., Chen, M., Ogunseitan, O. A., & Stevels, A. L. N. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00449 · Cited by 244
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“Derived from EUROSTAT [36] and rounded to 1 Mg. Early initiatives Some countries were early to address WEEE issues, e.g. Japan, Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany.”
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“Compared to the Swiss study for the year 2004 (Hischier et al., 2005), several factors whichmight affect the environmental loads and benefits of the Swiss WEEE collection and recovery systems have changed significantly.”
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Boyden, A., Soo, V. K., & Doolan, M. (2016) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.03.100 · Cited by 224
“However it is not possible to recycle lithium-ion batteries without causing any environmental impacts [8].”
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“world (Røpke 2001; Hischier et al. 2005; Robinson 2009; Wagner 2009).”
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E-waste: Environmental Problems and Current Management
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Potential for circular economy in household WEEE management
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Handling WEEE waste flows: on the effectiveness of producer responsibility in a globalizing world
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Towards a framework for life cycle thinking in the assessment of nanotechnology
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Emerging issue of e-waste in Pakistan: A review of status, research needs and data gaps
Iqbal, M., Breivik, K., Syed, J. H., Malik, R. N., Li, J., Zhang, G., & Jones, K. C. (2015) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.002 · Cited by 148
An integrated approach to electronic waste (WEEE) recycling
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“L Huisman and Magalini (2007) studied that we can recover 97 – 98% of very precious metals through recycling of e-waste materials.”
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Life cycle assessment study of a Chinese desktop personal computer
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“During the EoL step assuming a state-of-theart recycling (like e.g. the current Swiss WEEE recycling systems, Hischier et al., 2005), substantial environmental benefits are even generated.”
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“, Switzerland, have developed a strategy of take-back and recycling, making sense from an environmental perspective as proved by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Hischier et al., 2005; Wäger et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPost-retail responsibility of garments – a fashion industry perspective
Hvass, K. K. (2014) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/jfmm-01-2013-0005 · Cited by 119
A multidimensional indicator set to assess the benefits of WEEE material recycling
Nelen, D., Manshoven, S., Peeters, J. R., Vanegas, P., D’Haese, N., & Vrancken, K. C. (2014) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.094 · Cited by 115
Li, J., Duan, H., Yu, K., Liu, L., & Wang, S. (2010) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.12.011 · Cited by 113
An overview of LCA application in WEEE management: Current practices, progress and challenges
Ismail, H., & Hanafiah, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.329 · Cited by 110
Achillas, C., Vlachokostas, C., MOUSSIOPOULOS, N., & Banias, G. (2009) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.11.029 · Cited by 110
Environmental impacts and benefits of state-of-the-art technologies for E-waste management
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Environmental Issues and Management Strategies for Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment
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Environmental impacts of lighting technologies — Life cycle assessment and sensitivity analysis
Welz, T., Hischier, R., & Hilty, L. M. (2010) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2010.08.004 · Cited by 103
“Hofstetter (1989), Gydesan and Maimann (1991), Ebersperger and Mauch (1992), Mani (1994), Pfeifer (1994, 1996), Rubic and D'Haese (1994), Parsons (2006)), we performed a new, broader comparison based on a more complete LCA framework and a more comprehensive inventory database.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEmpowering Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management: Challenges, Trends, and Perspectives
Chang, N., Pires, A., & Martinho, G. (2011) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643381003608326 · Cited by 102
Wang, W., Tian, Y., Zhu, Q., & Zhong, Y. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.202 · Cited by 101
Official Recycling and Scavengers: Symbiotic or Conflicting?
Besiou, M., Georgiadis, P., & Wassenhove, L. N. V. (2010) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2011.11.030 · Cited by 98
“_______________ Maria BESIOU Patroklos GEORGIADIS Luk N. VAN WASSENHOVE 2010/78/TOM/ISIC Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1685277”
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The Generation, Composition, Collection, Treatment and Disposal System, and Impact of E-Waste
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“It was also forecasted that IT and telecommunications equipment put on the market were 315,000 tons, and the waste collected and treated in the system according to ElektroG was about 102,000 tons (7,000 tons of this was collected from other EU countries) [29].”
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Sustainable Management of Electronic Waste (e‐Waste)
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Recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment
Gramatyka, P., Nowosielski, R., & Sakiewicz, P. (2007) · Journal of Achievements of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering · Cited by 90
Did Europe Move in the Right Direction on E‐waste Legislation?
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“…there is some footprint associated with recycling operation, its impact is known to be minor in comparison with production or other operations (Hischier et al. 2005) and therefore we do not consider it in the analysis, so that the total end-of-life environmental footprint consists of…”
BackgroundHigh-quality collection and disposal of WEEE: Environmental impacts and resultant issues
Baxter, J., Lyng, K.-A., Askham, C., & Hanssen, O. J. (2016) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.005 · Cited by 87
Definition of sustainability impact categories based on stakeholder perspectives
de Souza, R. G., Rosenhead, J., Salhofer, S. P., Valle, R. A. B., & Lins, M. P. E. (2014) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.051 · Cited by 83
Biganzoli, L., Falbo, A., Forte, F., Grosso, M., & Rigamonti, L. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.041 · Cited by 82
“Contrary to previous studies (Hischier et al., 2005;Wager et al., 2011), the analysis was carried out on each of the fi ve WEEE categories, as well as on the overall WEEE management system An extensive collection of primary data was carried out to assess the mass balance of the treat-ment plants;…”
Jang, Y.-C. (2010) · Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management · doi:10.1007/s10163-010-0298-5 · Cited by 81
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“Ewaste accounts for more than 5% of the total amount of municipal waste produced [4,5].”
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LCA study of a plasma television device
Hischier, R., & Baudin, I. (2010) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-010-0169-2 · Cited by 77
“As various studies in recent years have shown, a state-of-the-art recycling system allows one to recover a relevant amount of “secondary” materials, mainly metals, resulting in an environmental benefit for this last life cycle stage (Hischier et al. 2005; Eugster et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRegional approach of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management in France
Bahers, J., & Kim, J. (2017) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.10.016 · Cited by 75
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The local contours of scavenging for e-waste and higher-valued constituent parts in Accra, Ghana
Oteng‐Ababio, M., Amankwaa, E. F., & Chama, M. A. (2014) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.03.003 · Cited by 72
Life Cycle Assessment of the MBT plant in Ano Liossia, Athens, Greece
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Sua-iam, G., & Makul, N. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.031 · Cited by 71
WEEE treatment strategies’ evaluation using fuzzy LINMAP method
Bereketli, İ., Genevois, M. E., Albayrak, Y. E., & Ozyol, M. (2010) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.06.015 · Cited by 69
Assessment of toxic metals in waste personal computers
Kolias, K., Hahladakis, J. Ν., & Gidarakos, E. (2014) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.04.020 · Cited by 69
Simplifying a life cycle assessment of a mobile phone
Moberg, Å., Borggren, C., Ambell, C., Finnveden, G., Guldbrandsson, F., Bondesson, A., Malmodin, J., & Bergmark, P. (2014) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-014-0721-6 · Cited by 76
“Many studies have been made of e-waste management and environmental impacts (Hischier et al. 2005; Barba-Gutiérrez et al. 2008; Robinson 2009; Duan et al. 2009; Chancerol et al. 2009; Umair et al. 2013).”
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The birth of the flexible mine: Changing geographies of mining and the e-waste commodity frontier
Knapp, F. (2016) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x16652398 · Cited by 65
“…scrap materials takes orders of magnitude less energy, produces fewer greenhouse gas releases (Navazo et al., 2013; Simoni et al., 2015; Wernick and Themelis 1998), and brings other environmental benefits (Bigum et al., 2012; Hischier et al., 2005) due to the relative ‘‘richness’’ of this ore.”
BackgroundThe Energy Demand of ICT: A Historical Perspective and Current Methodological Challenges
Aebischer, B., & Hilty, L. M. (2014) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09228-7_4 · Cited by 65
“An LCA study of e-waste recycling showed that the energy needed for industrial electronic waste recycling is clearly more than offset by avoided environmental impact, mainly due to the avoided primary production of the metals recovered [105].”
BackgroundElectronic waste management practices in Nigeria
Nnorom, I. C., & Odeyingbo, O. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817030-4.00014-0 · Cited by 64
Impact assessment and policy learning in the European Commission
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“For instance, the assessment of the environmental impacts of proposed regulatory actions could include Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA, see e.g. Hischier et al., 2005) or Technology Assessment (e.g. Hilty et al., 2004, 2006) wherever the regulation has an influence on technological development and the…”
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A review on e-waste contamination, toxicity, and sustainable clean-up approaches for its management
Kumar, P., Singh, S., Gacem, A., Yadav, K. K., Bhutto, J. K., Alreshidi, M. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, A., Yadav, V. K., Soni, S., et al. (2024) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2024.153904 · Cited by 68
Muñoz, I., Gazulla, C., Bala, A., Puig, R., & Fullana–i–Palmer, P. (2008) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-008-0044-6 · Cited by 62
Demajorovic, J., Augusto, E., & de Souza, M. T. S. (2016) · Ambiente & sociedade · doi:10.1590/1809-4422asoc141545v1922016 · Cited by 62
Application of Life Cycle Assessment on Electronic Waste Management: A Review
Xue, M., & Xu, Z. (2016) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-016-0812-1 · Cited by 65
“The papers reviewed in this study were described in Table 1, among which the first three LCA papers focusing on electronic waste management were published in 2005 (Andreola et al. 2005; Hischier et al. 2005; Mayers et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialIsmail, H., & Hanafiah, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117927 · Cited by 63
Life-cycle modeling framework for electronic waste recovery and recycling processes
Jaunich, M. K., DeCarolis, J. F., Handfield, R., Kemahlıoğlu‐Ziya, E., Ranjithan, S. R., & Moheb-Alizadeh, H. (2020) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104841 · Cited by 58
Streicher‐Porte, M., Marthaler, C., Böni, H. W., Schluep, M., Camacho, Á., & Hilty, L. M. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.002 · Cited by 57
“Earlier studies have shown that these benefits can reduce the impacts considerably, under the condition that environmental standards are fulfilled (Hischier et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMallawarachchi, H., & Karunasena, G. (2012) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.08.003 · Cited by 56
Sheu, J. (2014) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su6052832 · Cited by 55
“For example, to manage end-of-life electrical and electronic products in EU producers are obligated to collect their WEEE products from customers for recovery, recycling and reuse [52,53].”
BackgroundEvolution of the electronic waste management system in Spain
Queiruga, D., Benito, J. G., & Lannelongue, G. (2011) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.043 · Cited by 52
“Studies have concluded that Switzerland’s significant experience applying the extended producer responsibility (EPR) concept in WEEE management provides a compelling example for other countries (Streicher-Porte, 2005; Hischier et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPandebesie, E. S., Indrihastuti, I., Wilujeng, S. A., & Warmadewanthi, I. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05812-9 · Cited by 51
Bigum, M., Petersen, C., Christensen, T. H., & Scheutz, C. (2013) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.019 · Cited by 51
Waste management Life Cycle Assessment: the case of a reciprocating air compressor in Brazil
Zanghelini, G. M., Cherubini, E., Orsi, P., & Soares, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.034 · Cited by 52
A study on the environmental aspects of WEEE plastic recycling in a Brazilian company
Campolina, J. M., Sigrist, C. S. L., de Paiva, J. M. F., Nunes, A. O., & Moris, V. A. D. S. (2017) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-017-1282-2 · Cited by 50
Comparative life cycle assessments: The case of paper and digital media
Bull, J. G., & Kozak, R. A. (2013) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.10.001 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Hischier, R., Wäger, P., & Gauglhofer, J.
- Affiliations
- Empa (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Hischier, R.
- Venue
- Environmental Impact Assessment Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 525-539
- ISSN
- 0195-9255 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003055493
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 32.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Impact Assessment Review (publishedVersion)
- DORA Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Municipal Solid Waste Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Keywords
- electronic waste, e-waste recycling, take-back systems, recycling fees, household appliances, secondary raw materials, environmental impact of recycling, material flow analysis, life cycle assessment
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