Update on latest advances in time-of-flight PET

Surti, Suleman; Karp, Joel S.

doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.10.031

Cited by 96Radiation Detection and Scintillator TechnologiesMedical Imaging Techniques and ApplicationsParticle Detector Development and Performance

Update on latest advances in time-of-flight PET

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Surti, Suleman, Karp, Joel S.·2020·Physica Medica

DOI 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.10.031PMC PMC7749844

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Abstract

This paper provides an update on time-of-flight (TOF) PET with a focus on latest hardware developments leading to current commercial PET/CT instruments. We describe advances in scintillator development, new photosensors and associated electronics readout, and detector designs for utilization in complete systems. Next, we introduce the latest commercial PET/CT scanners based on the aforementioned technologies, and discuss the detector design choices made that are relevant to differences in the system performance. Finally, we end with a discussion of the latest performance benchmarks for improved timing in PET detectors, challenges in scaling this performance to a complete system, and the outlook towards achieving a sub-50 ps coincidence timing resolution (CTR) in a PET detector.

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Compared to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT), silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) in recently developed PET/CT scanners are smaller, provide up to 100% coverage of the scintillation crystal surface, and offer high photon sensitivity, low noise, and fast timing resolution.
“Compared to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT), silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) in recently developed PET/CT scanners are smaller, provide up to 100% coverage of the scintillation crystal surface and offer high photon sensitivity, low noise, and fast timing resolution [44].”
From Influences on PET Quantification and Interpretation (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A SiPM system with low relative coverage (<60%) and 382 ps timing resolution can have similar or slightly inferior sensitivity to a bismuth germanate (BGO) PMT scanner with similar axial FOV (20.8 vs. 23.3 cps/kBq).
“If, for example, a SiPM system with low relative coverage of <60% and a modest timing resolution of 382 ps [44,45] is compared to a bismuth germanate (BGO) PMT scanner with similar axial FOV length [46], the SiPM system’s sensitivity can be similar or even slightly inferior (20.8 vs. 23.3 cps/kBq) [45].”
From Influences on PET Quantification and Interpretation (2022) · cites this paper as [44]

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“The effect of image reconstruction algorithms on quantitative accuracy in PET has been studied extensively, and three recent reviews cover current knowledge and views on time of flight (TOF) integration [44] as well as PSF modelling and Bayesian penalized likelihood (PL) reconstruction [92,93].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
TOF-PET Image Reconstruction With Multiple Timing Kernels Applied on Cherenkov Radiation in BGO
Efthimiou, N., Kratochwil, N., Gundacker, S., Polesel, A., Salomoni, M., Auffray, E., & Pizzichemi, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2020.3048642 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Performance evaluation of VRAIN: a brain-dedicated PET with a hemispherical detector arrangement
Akamatsu, G., Takahashi, M., Tashima, H., Iwao, Y., Yoshida, E., Wakizaka, H., Kumagai, M., Yamashita, T., & Yamaya, T. (2022) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac9e87 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Advances in Detector Instrumentation for PET
González-Montoro, A., Ullah, M. N., & Levin, C. S. (2022) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.121.262509 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
State-of-the-art challenges and emerging technologies in radiation detection for nuclear medicine imaging: A review
Enlow, E. E., & Abbaszadeh, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1106546 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Photon counting detectors and their applications ranging from particle physics experiments to environmental radiation monitoring and medical imaging
Ota, R. (2021) · Radiological Physics and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12194-021-00615-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Study on the Timing Limits of the TOFPET2 ASIC and on Approaches for Improvements
Nadig, V., Yusopova, M., Radermacher, H., Schug, D., Weissler, B., Schulz, V., & Gundacker, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2022.3158704 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Enhancement of Scintillation Properties of LYSO:Ce Crystals by Al Codoping
Xue, Z., Chen, L., Zhao, S., Yang, F., An, R., Wang, L., Sun, Y., He, F., & Ding, D. (2023) · Crystal Growth & Design · doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00313 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Innovative Applications
Caldarella, C., Risi, M. D., Massaccesi, M., Miccichè, F., Bussu, F., Galli, J., Rufini, V., & Leccisotti, L. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16101905 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
High resolution detectors for whole-body PET scanners by using dual-ended readout
Liu, Z., Niu, M., Kuang, Z., Ren, N., Wu, S., Cong, L., Wang, X., Sang, Z., Williams, C., & Yang, Y. (2022) · EJNMMI Physics · doi:10.1186/s40658-022-00460-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
New standards for phantom image quality and SUV harmonization range for multicenter oncology PET studies
Akamatsu, G., Shimada, N., Matsumoto, K., Daisaki, H., Suzuki, K., Watabe, H., Oda, K., Senda, M., Terauchi, T., & Tateishi, U. (2022) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-021-01709-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Radiation Detectors and Sensors in Medical Imaging
Michail, C. M., Liaparinos, P. F., Kalyvas, N. E., Kandarakis, I. S., Fountos, G. P., & Valais, I. G. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24196251 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Performance evaluation of dedicated brain PET scanner with motion correction system
Onishi, Y., Isobe, T., Ito, M., Hashimoto, F., Omura, T., & Yoshikawa, E. (2022) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-022-01757-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hybrid PET/Compton-camera imaging: an imager for the next generation
Llosa, G., & Rafecas, M. (2023) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03805-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Total-Body Positron Emission Tomography
Cherry, S. R., Diekmann, J., & Bengel, F. M. (2023) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.06.022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
PET detectors with depth-of-interaction and time-of-flight capabilities
Yoshida, E., & Yamaya, T. (2024) · Radiological Physics and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12194-024-00821-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography With Heterostructured Scintillators
Mohr, P., Efthimiou, N., Pagano, F., Kratochwil, N., Pizzichemi, M., Tsoumpas, C., Auffray, E., & Ziemons, K. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2022.3208615 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Diagnostic Reference Levels for nuclear medicine imaging in Austria: A nationwide survey of used dose levels for adult patients
Wachabauer, D., Beyer, T., Ditto, M., Gallowitsch, H. J., Hinterreiter, M., Ibi, B., Malle, P., Mirzaei, S., Smetana, F., Staudenherz, A., et al. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik · doi:10.1016/j.zemedi.2021.11.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Using inverse Laplace transform in positronium lifetime imaging
Shibuya, K., Saito, H., Tashima, H., & Yamaya, T. (2022) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac499b · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A thick semi-monolithic scintillator detector for clinical PET scanners
Zhang, C., Wang, X., Sun, M.-D., Kuang, Z., Zhang, X., Ren, N., Wu, S., Sang, Z., Sun, T., Hu, Z., et al. (2021) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/abe761 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
16-channel SiPM high-frequency readout with time-over-threshold discrimination for ultrafast time-of-flight applications
Nadig, V., Hornisch, M., Oehm, J., Herweg, K., Schulz, V., & Gundacker, S. (2023) · EJNMMI Physics · doi:10.1186/s40658-023-00594-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moving the goalposts while scoring―the dilemma posed by new PET technologies
Rogasch, J. M. M., Boellaard, R., Pike, L., Borchmann, P., Johnson, P., Wolf, J., Barrington, S. F., & Kobe, C. (2021) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-021-05403-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Performance Characteristics of a New Generation 148-cm Axial Field-of-View uMI Panorama GS PET/CT System with Extended NEMA NU 2-2018 and EARL Standards
Zhang, H., Ren, C., Liu, Y., Yan, X., Liu, M., Hao, Z., Xing, H., & Huo, L. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.124.267963 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A multi-resolution TOF-DOI detector for human brain dedicated PET scanner
He, W. J., Zhao, Y., Huang, W., Zhao, X., Niu, M., Yang, H. S., Zhang, L., Ren, Q., & Gu, Z. (2024) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad1b6b · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Linearity improvement of UltraScale+ FPGA-based time-to-digital converter
Kim, J., Jung, J. H., Choi, Y., Jung, J., & Lee, S. (2022) · Nuclear Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.net.2022.10.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Scalable, Time-of-Flight and Depth-of-Interaction Detector Units for High-Resolution PET Systems
Nadig, V., Gundacker, S., Schug, D., Herweg, K., Weindel, K., Radermacher, H., Mueller, F., Weissler, B., & Schulz, V. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2023.3324197 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A time-based double-sided readout concept of 100 mm LYSO:Ce,Ca fibres for future axial TOF-PET
Weindel, K., Nadig, V., Herweg, K., Schulz, V., & Gundacker, S. (2023) · EJNMMI Physics · doi:10.1186/s40658-023-00563-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Survey of Readout Strategies for SiPMs Used in Nuclear Imaging Systems
Hesari, S. H., Haque, M. A., & McFarlane, N. M. (2021) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics8070266 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence for response prediction and personalisation in radiation oncology
Zwanenburg, A., Price, G. J., & Löck, S. (2024) · Strahlentherapie und Onkologie · doi:10.1007/s00066-024-02281-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Calibration method of crosshair light sharing PET detector with TOF and DOI capabilities
Yoshida, E., Obata, F., & Yamaya, T. (2023) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/acf0c7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential of a Cherenkov TOF PET Scanner: A Simulation Study
Razdevšek, G., Pestotnik, R., Križan, P., Korpar, S., Consuegra, D., Seljak, A., Studen, A., & Dolenec, R. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2022.3202138 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The role of activity, scan duration and patient’s body mass index in the optimization of FDG imaging protocols on a TOF-PET/CT scanner
Matheoud, R., Al-Maymani, N., Oldani, A., Sacchetti, G. M., Brambilla, M., & Carriero, A. (2021) · EJNMMI Physics · doi:10.1186/s40658-021-00380-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Potential Clinical Impact of LAFOV PET/CT: A Systematic Evaluation of Image Quality and Lesion Detection
d’Este, S. H., Andersen, F. L., Andersen, J. B., Jakobsen, A. L., Saxtoft, E., Schulze, C., Hansen, N. L., Andersen, K. F., Reichkendler, M. H., Højgaard, L., et al. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13213295 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flexible and modular PET: Evaluating the potential of TOF‐DOI panel detectors
Razdevšek, G., Fakhri, G. E., Marin, T., Dolenec, R., Orehar, M., Chemli, Y., Gola, A. G., Gascon, D., Majewski, S., & Pestotnik, R. (2025) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.17741 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effect of Cu Doping on Photoluminescence and Scintillation Properties of (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4
Onoda, D., Akatsuka, M., Kawano, N., Kato, T., Nakauchi, D., Kawaguchi, N., & Yanagida, T. (2022) · Sensors and Materials · doi:10.18494/sam3679 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of reflector, surface treatment, and length of scintillation crystal on the performance of TOF-DOI PET detector with dual-ended readout
Jung, J. H., Choi, Y., Yun, J., Jung, J., & Lee, S. (2024) · Nuclear Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.net.2024.02.022 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Design and Characterization of an Optically Segmented Single Volume Scatter Camera Module
Keefe, K., Alhajaji, H., Brubaker, E., Druetzler, A., Galindo-Tellez, A., Learned, J. G., Maggi, P. E., Manfredi, J. J., Nishimura, K. A., Pinto-Souza, B., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/tns.2022.3172002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Timing Performance With Broadcom Metal Trench Silicon Photomultipliers
Lee, S., Choong, W., Heller, R., & Cates, J. W. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2024.3518479 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Robust 3-D Reconstruction and Parameter Measurement of the Foot Using Multiple Depth Cameras
Hong, R., & Li, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3292941 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Optical crosstalk of protective cover on MPPC array for TOF PET detector
Yoshida, E., Obata, F., & Yamaya, T. (2024) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad5268 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of patient's habitus on image quality and quantitative metrics in 18F-FDG PET/CT images.
Zorz, A., D'Alessio, A., Guida, F., Ramadan, R. M., Richetta, E., Cuppari, L., Pellerito, R., Sacchetti, G., Brambilla, M., Paiusco, M., et al. (2023) · Physica medica (Testo stampato) · doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102584 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Slow Emission Suppression in YSO:Ce Scintillation Crystals by Cr Codoping
Xue, Z., Wan, B., Zhang, A., Zhang, Z., Yang, J., Zheng, X., Xie, J., Shi, J., Zhao, S., & Ding, D. (2024) · Crystal Growth & Design · doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01041 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Performance of X-Ray Photon-Counting Scintillation Detectors Under Pile-Up Conditions at 60 keV
van der Sar, S. J., & Schaart, D. R. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2025.3532592 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Emphasizing Cherenkov Photons From Bismuth Germanate by Single Photon Response Deconvolution
Ota, R., & Ote, K. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2024.3403959 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Development of Whole-Body TOF-DOI PET Detector Using Dual-Ended Readout Method
Wang, H. B., Xie, J., & Du, J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3570343 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
LMPDNET: TOF-PET List-Mode Image Reconstruction Using Model-Based Deep Learning Method
Li, C., Fang, J., Hu, R., Cui, J., & Liu, H. (2023) · Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222478 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Air-CLS Detector: A Modified Crosshair Light-Sharing PET Detector With Air Gaps in the U-Shape Light Path
Yoshida, E., Obata, F., & Yamaya, T. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2025.3551520 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Substantial enhancement of light yield in LYSO:Ce crystals via trace Co2+ co-doping
Qiu, P., Li, M., Li, C., Zhang, A., Xue, Z., Zheng, X., Zhao, S., & Ding, D. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.172884 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Design considerations for PET detectors with 100 picoseconds coincidence time resolution
González-Montoro, A., Pourashraf, S., Lee, M. S., Cates, J. W., & Levin, C. S. (2022) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment · doi:10.1016/j.nima.2022.167579 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Study of modulation in complex refractive indices induced by ultrafast relativistic electrons using infrared and THz probe pulses
Jeong, D., Bark, H. S., Kim, Y., Shin, J., Kim, H. W., Oang, K. Y., Jang, K., Lee, K., Jeong, Y. U., Baek, I. H., et al. (2024) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad8832 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A compact depth-of-interaction time-of-flight detector panel dedicated for organ-specific PET scanner
Amini, M., Saberi, A., Doroud, K., Arabi, H., & Zaidi, H. (2025) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae2b4a · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Transformative Advances in PET Imaging: From FDG to Total Body Scanners, Novel Tracers and AI-Driven Precision Medicine
Bharathi, P. G., Abbaszadeh, S., Moskal, P., & Alavi, A. A. (2025) · Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0055.2175 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Development of dual‐ended readout PET detectors achieving high 3D position resolution and high timing resolution using NINO and PICO2023 ASICs
Gan, P., Yang, S., Li, H., Mungai, S., Kuang, Z., Ren, N., Yang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.18072 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Timing, Energy, and Spatial Characterization of Highly Sampled Monolithic PET Detectors With Different Thicknesses
Valladares, C., Barrio, J., Freire, M., Cucarella, N., Lamprou, E., Miyaoka, R. S., Hunter, W. C., Harrison, R., & González, A. J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2023.3280711 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Longitudinal quality control analysis of PET/CT Systems: analyzing system stability, image quality, and the performance of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs)
Kafhali, M. E., Tahmasbi, M., Baghous, N. E. H., Kessioui, A. E., Chakir, E. M., Sebihi, R., & Khalis, M. (2025) · Health and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-025-00978-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Experimental Study of a Large Area High PDE SiPM in 0.11- μ m CMOS Process for PET Applications
Chen, J., D’Ascenzo, N., Passaretti, D., Lao, H., Hua, Y., & Xie, Q. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2025.3534221 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
LM-SPD-Net: list-mode TOF-PET image reconstruction using stochastic primal-dual network
Tian, K., Hu, R. M., Zheng, Z., Chen, Y., & Liu, H. (2025) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Physics of Medical Imaging · doi:10.1117/12.3046013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Deep unrolled primal dual network for TOF-PET list-mode image reconstruction
Hu, R., Li, C., Tian, K., Cui, J., Chen, Y., & Liu, H. (2025) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/adf9b7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of annealing on lattice engineering and luminescence in LYSO:Ce scintillators
Xu, K., Hu, P., Zhang, Q., He, Q., Liu, Q., Wang, Y., Huang, F., Leng, J., Lin, X., Shi, Y.-C., et al. (2026) · CrystEngComm · doi:10.1039/d5ce01128k · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Enhanced performance characteristics of digital PET for small feature detection relative to non-digital PET
Leybourne, N., Gregory, R., Berry, O., Birch, E., Prakash, V., Scuffham, J. W., Strouhal, P., Meadows, A., Hussein, M., Fenwick, A., et al. (2024) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Physics of Medical Imaging · doi:10.1117/12.3006788 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A new design to improve time resolution in a time of flight brain PET using dual layer offset scintillator crystals
Beheshti, A., Karimian, A., Arabi, H., & Goertzen, A. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98892-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wavelength-Resolved Photoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence Decay Times of LSO:Ce Scintillator CO-Doped with Lithium and Scandium
Belov, M. V., Kozlov, V. A., Kutovoi, S. A., Pestovskii, N. V., Savinov, S. Y., Vlasov, V. I., Zagumennyi, A. I., Zavartsev, Y. D., & Zavertyaev, M. (2021) · Journal of Russian Laser Research · doi:10.1007/s10946-021-09964-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Positron emission tomography
Delso, G., Torres-Espallardo, I., & Veit‐Haibach, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00102-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
NN-Based Encoding Applied to a Time-to-Digital Converter for Time Interval Measurements
Arredondo-Velázquez, M., Carranza, A. A. M., & Barbosa, E. M. (2024) · International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP) · doi:10.1109/tsp63128.2024.10605978 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
LM-LDA: Learned Descent Algorithm for List-Mode TOF-PET Image Reconstruction
Tian, K., Hu, R., Wang, X., Chen, Y., & Liu, H. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) · doi:10.1109/isbi60581.2025.10981174 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Experimental investigation of the potential of LaBr 3 :Ce, LYSO:Ce, and YAP:Ce for scintillator-based x-ray photon-counting detectors
van der Sar, S. J., Leibold, D., & Schaart, D. R. (2025) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae1bf4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Strong ultrafast nonlinear optical response from megaelectronvolt electrons in semiconductors
Jeong, D., Hopper, T. R., Kim, Y., Shen, X., Kramer, P. L., Hoffmann, M. C., Coffee, R., Fejer, M. M., Lindenberg, A. M., & Levin, C. S. (2026) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-026-01894-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Performance of detector modules designed for the NeuroSphere brain PET system
Allen, M. S., Byars, L. G., Rauscher, L., Scipioni, M., Puryear, M., Judenhofer, M. S., Hen, O., Schmidt, F. P., & Catana, C. (2026) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.70582 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Time-Of-Flight PET Image Reconstruction with Complex Timing Kernels: The Case of BGO Cherenkov Photons
Efthimiou, N., Kratochwil, N., Gundacker, S., Polesel, A., Salomoni, M., Auffray, E., & Pizzichemi, M. (2020) · IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) · doi:10.1109/nss/mic42677.2020.9508046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Digitale SPECT und PET: Klinische Konsequenzen
Rogasch, J. M. M. (2022) · Angewandte Nuklearmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-1715-5305 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Instrumentation for Positron Emission Tomography
ZANZONICO, P. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26067-9_37-2
Instrumentation for Positron Emission Tomography
ZANZONICO, P. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05494-5_37
Digitale SPECT und PET: Klinische Konsequenzen
Rogasch, J. M. M. (2023) · Radiopraxis · doi:10.1055/a-1993-7420
A Monte-Carlo simulation study for design of brain dedicated TOF-PET
Kim, Y., Jung, J., Choi, Y., Leem, H., Park, K., & Lee, S. (2023) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment · doi:10.1016/j.nima.2023.168950
Coincidence window effects on the image quality of rotational PET systems
Encarnação, P. M. C. C., Correia, P. M. M., Ribeiro, F. M., Silva, A. L. M., & Veloso, J. F. C. A. (2023) · IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) · doi:10.1109/nssmicrtsd49126.2023.10338537
Detector Characterization of a High-Resolution Ring for PET Imaging of Mice Heads With Sub-200-ps TOF
Valladares, C., Barrio, J., Cucarella, N., Freire, M., Vidal, L., Benlloch, J., & González, A. J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/trpms.2024.3432194
Readout Strategies and Asynchronous Architectures
Dandin, M. P., McFarlane, N. M., Sajal, M., Dehghandehnavi, F., & Nouri, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64334-7_7
Performances Study on TDC Timing Samples Resolution in a MVT Chip
Zhang, X., Xi, D., Liu, Q., Li, Y., Yu, H., Li, Y., & Xie, Q. (2024) · IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) · doi:10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10656425
Changes in FDG-PET Images of Small Lung and Liver Masses Caused by the Deep Learning-based Time-of-flight Processing
Yamashita, Y., HIRAKAWA, K., Yoshidome, S., & Awamoto, S. (2024) · Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology · doi:10.6009/jjrt.25-1518
FPGA-based digitizer for BGO-based time-of-flight PET
Lee, D., & Kwon, S. I. (2025) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/adc362
Timing performance evaluation of a dual-Axis rotational PET system according to NEMA NU 4-2008 standards: A simulation study
Encarnação, P. M. C. C., Correia, P. M. M., Ribeiro, F. M., & Veloso, J. F. C. A. (2025) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/adc5f5
Image Registration and Optimal Integration of Images for Target Volume Delineation
Noble, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48053-9_4
Impact of Deep Learning–Based Time-of-Flight PET Images of Small Tumors Using a Human Anatomic Phantom
Yamashita, Y., HIRAKAWA, K., Yoshidome, S., Awamoto, S., Kitamura, Y., Isoda, T., Baba, S., Kobayashi, K., Kato, T., & Ishigami, K. (2025) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.125.270450
List‐mode TOF‐PET 3D image reconstruction using stochastic primal‐dual network
Tian, K., Hu, R., Wan, Y., Zheng, Z., Chen, Y., & Liu, H. (2026) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.70324
Advanced image reconstruction algorithms for high-resolution digital time-of-flight PET/CT enhance visualization of sub-clinical internal mammary lymph node metastases in breast cancer: a phantom and a clinical, retrospective cohort study
Satoh, Y., Miwa, K., Takenaka, A., Inui, Y., Watanabe, M., Yamao, T., Miyaji, N., Ota, S., Leung, E. K., Quan, X., et al. (2026) · EJNMMI Physics · doi:10.1186/s40658-026-00846-8
Quantitative Thoracic Imaging with Nuclear Medicine
Zeman, M. N., Auer, B. R., Mohammadi, S., Jiang, F., Kwatra, N. S., & Ng, T. S. C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14103-3_25
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Authors: Surti, S., & Karp, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Surti, Suleman
Karp, Joel S.
ORCID: Surti, Suleman
Karp, Joel S.
Venue: Physica Medica
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-12
Volume: 80
Pages: 251-258
ISSN: 1120-1797 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.10.031
PMC: PMC7749844
OpenAlex: W3105602151
Cited by: 96
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 1.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Physica Medica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle Detector Development and Performance
Keywords: time-of-flight PET, PET/CT scanner, scintillator development, photodetectors, detector design, coincidence time resolution
MeSH terms: Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography, Electronics, Positron-Emission Tomography

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