The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Do psychological factors increase the risk for back pain in the general population in both a cross‐sectional and prospective analysis?
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of background, individual and workplace psychological risk factors to investigated their relationship with spinal pain. Because there is some doubt as to whether the results of cross‐sectional findings hold in longitudinal studies, a prospective study was superimposed upon a cross‐sectional design of the effects of psychological variables on back pain and function to determine, whether similar results are obtained. Participants were workers randomly selected from the general population, where 372 had not experienced pain during the past year, and 209 had experienced considerable pain problems. A cross‐sectional comparison of these groups using multivariate statistics indicated that the most potent risk factors were psychological distress (odds ratio = 13.2) and poor function (odds ratio = 6.4). Much smaller levels of risk were found for perceived workload, gender and foreign birth. Those participants with no pain were followed for one year to determine development of a spinal pain problem. Although few participants developed a significant pain problem, the prospective analyses showed that psychological distress (odds ratio = 2.2), catastrophizing (odds ratio = 3.0), and workload (odds ratio = 2.3) produced the highest odds ratios. Taken together these results underscore the need for a multidimensional view of the development of pain disability. Moreover, individual psychological factors such as distress and catastrophizing as well as work place factors like work load were found to be highly related to the development of back pain in a sample of workers from the general population. The cross‐sectional and prospective results were similar in character and demonstrate that cross‐sectional studies may provide valuable information. Because psychological variables were relevant very early on, these factors may be important targets for pain prevention programs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Ware, J. E. (2000) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200012150-00008 · Cited by 4,455
Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., & Main, C. J. (1993) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90127-b · Cited by 3,167
A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain
Linton, S. J. (2000) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200005010-00017 · Cited by 1,776
Self-citationThe modified somatic perception questionnaire (MSPQ)
Main, C. J. (1983) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(83)90040-5 · Cited by 407
Cited by
The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: Current state of scientific evidence
Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Linton, S. J., Crombez, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9085-0 · Cited by 2,261
Self-citationEpidemiology of Low Back Pain in Adults
Manchikanti, L., Singh, V., Falco, F. J. E., Benyamin, R. M., & Hirsch, J. A. (2014) · Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12018 · Cited by 632
Psychological factors associated with development of TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study
Fillingim, R. B., Ohrbach, R., Greenspan, J. D., Knott, C., Diatchenko, L., Dubner, R., Bair, E., Baraian, C., Mack, N., Slade, G. D., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.06.009 · Cited by 528
A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.
Hadjistavropoulos, T., Craig, K. D., Duck, S., Cano, A., Goubert, L., Jackson, P. L., Mogil, J. S., Rainville, P., Sullivan, M. J. L., Williams, A. C. D. C., et al. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023876 · Cited by 466
Lerman, S. F., Rudich, Z., Brill, S., Shalev, H., & Shahar, G. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000158 · Cited by 408
Metadata
- Authors
- Linton, S. J.
- Venue
- European Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 355-355
- ISSN
- 1090-3801 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2149
- OpenAlex
- W2077155637
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 4.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Do psychological factors increase the risk for back pain in the general population in both a cross‐sectional and prospective analysis? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.08.002
- The paper
- Linton, S. J. (2005). Do psychological factors increase the risk for back pain in the general population in both a cross‐sectional and prospective analysis? European Journal of Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.08.002
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
