Cited by 156

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Statins and PCSK9 inhibitors: A new lipid-lowering therapy

Gallego-Colon, Enrique, Daum, Aner, Yosefy, Chaim·2020·European Journal of Pharmacology

Abstract

The clinical benefit of lipid-lowering therapies is to reduce circulating levels of atherogenic particles and to ameliorate the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The completion of two major clinical trials on PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), the FOURIER and the ODYSSEY outcome trials, has marked the beginning of a new era of lipid-lowering drugs. PCSK9i, evolocumab and alirocumab, are monoclonal antibodies that inactivate the liver proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9). Inhibition of PCSK9 increases the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors available leading to a profound reduction in circulating LDL particles. By preventing LDL receptor destruction, PCSK9i as adjunct to statin therapy can reduce LDL-C by 50-60% above that achieved by statin therapy alone. In addition, PCSK9i in combination with high-dose statins may reduce cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with clinical ASCVD. Based on evidence from clinical trials, the 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias now include the use of PCSK9i to very high-risk ASCVD patients who are not achieving treatment goals on a maximum tolerated dose of a statin and ezetimibe. However, the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9i therapy is limited to secondary prevention in high-risk patients. This review outlines the main clinical trials leading to a change in the guidelines, clinical practice as well…

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173114

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Lowering circulating LDL cholesterol with statins has shown inconsistent results in improving MASH outcomes despite their potent effect in reducing the risk of ASCVD.

    “However, lowering circulating LDL cholesterol with statins has shown inconsistent results in improving MASH outcomes despite their potent effect in reducing the risk of ASCVD.90”

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 45

  1. Abifadel, 2003, Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia, Nat. Genet., 34, 154, 10.1038/ng1161 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Athyros, 2008, Effectiveness of ezetimibe alone or in combination with twice a week atorvastatin (10 mg) for statin intolerant high-risk patients, Am. J. Cardiol., 101, 483, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.09.096 · DOI
  3. Baigent, 2005, Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins, Lancet, 366, 1267, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Carreras, 2019, In vivo genome and base editing of a human PCSK9 knock-in hypercholesterolemic mouse model, BMC Biol., 17, 4, 10.1186/s12915-018-0624-2 · DOI
  5. Chaudhary, 2017, PCSK9 inhibitors: a new era of lipid lowering therapy, World J. Cardiol., 9, 76, 10.4330/wjc.v9.i2.76 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Dhara, 2018, Recombinant antibody production in CHO and NS0 cells: differences and similarities, BioDrugs, 32, 571, 10.1007/s40259-018-0319-9 · DOI
  7. Dhruva, 2018, Alirocumab's price reduction, Circulation, 138, 1502, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036069 · DOI
  8. Dong, 2010, Strong induction of PCSK9 gene expression through HNF1α and SREBP2: mechanism for the resistance to LDL-cholesterol lowering effect of statins in dyslipidemic hamsters, J. Lipid Res., 51, 1486, 10.1194/jlr.M003566 · DOI
  9. Ference, 2017, Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel, Eur. Heart J., 38, 2459, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Filippatos, 2018, Effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on other than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lipid variables, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Therapeut., 23, 3, 10.1177/1074248417724868 · DOI
  11. Gibbs, 2017, Impact of target-me- diated elimination on the dose and regimen of evolocumab, a human monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase sub- tilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), J. Clin. Pharmacol., 57, 616, 10.1002/jcph.840 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Giugliano, 2017, Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial, Lancet, 390, 1962, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32290-0 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Gotto, 2013, Pharmacotherapies for lipid modification: beyond the statins, Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 10, 560, 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.117 · DOI
  14. Grundy, 2019, 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 73, 3168, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Halperin, 2016, Further evolution of the ACC/AHA clinical practice guideline recommendation classification system, Circulation, 133, 1426, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000312 · DOI
  16. Handelsman, 2018, PCSK9 inhibitors in lipid management of patients with diabetes mellitus and high cardiovascular risk: a review, J. Am. Heart Assoc., 7, 10.1161/JAHA.118.008953 · DOI
  17. Hopkins, 2015, Characterization of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia caused by PCSK9 gain of function mutations and its specific treatment with alirocumab, a PCSK9 monoclonal antibody, Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet., 8, 823, 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001129 · DOI
  18. Humphries, 2006, Genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolaemia in patients in the UK: relation to plasma lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk, J. Med. Genet., 43, 943, 10.1136/jmg.2006.038356 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Kazi, 2016, Cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 316, 743, 10.1001/jama.2016.11004 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Lambert, 2012, The PCSK9 decade, J. Lipid Res., 53, 2515, 10.1194/jlr.R026658 · DOI
  21. Lunven, 2014, A randomized study of the relative pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of alirocumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, after single subcutaneous administration at three different injection sites in healthy subjects, Cardiovasc. Ther., 32, 297, 10.1111/1755-5922.12093 · DOI
  22. Mach, 2019, ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk, Eur. Heart J.
  23. Manniello, 2016, vol. 41, 28
  24. Martin, 2012, LDL cholesterol: the lower the better, Med. Clin., 96, 13
  25. McKenney, 2012, Safety and efficacy of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 serine protease, SAR236553/REGN727, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia receiving ongoing stable Atorvastatin therapy, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 59, 2344, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.007 · DOI
  26. Moore, 2004, Statins for preventing cardiovascular disease, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 10.1002/14651858.CD004816 · DOI
  27. Naeem, 2018, Cardiovascular outcomes trials with non-statin lipid-lowering drugs in diabetes, Br. J. Diabetes, 18, 101, 10.15277/bjd.2018.180 · DOI
  28. National Cholesterol Education Program (Ncep), 2002, Circulation, 106, 3143, 10.1161/circ.106.25.3143 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Nissen, 2016, Efficacy and tolerability of evolocumab vs ezetimibe in patients with muscle-related statin intolerance, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 315, 1580, 10.1001/jama.2016.3608 · DOI · Paper page
  30. O'Keefe, 2004, Optimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mg/dl: lower is better and physiologically normal, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 43, 2142, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.046 · DOI
  31. Parris, 2005, Adherence to statin therapy and LDL cholesterol goal attainment by patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia, Diabetes Care, 28, 595, 10.2337/diacare.28.3.595 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Perreault, 2005, Persistence and determinants of statin therapy among middle-aged patients for primary and secondary prevention, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 59, 564, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02355.x · DOI
  33. Ridker, 2016, Evaluating bococizumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, on lipid levels and clinical events in broad patient groups with and without prior cardiovascular events: rationale and design of the Studies of PCSK9 Inhibition and the Reduction of vascular Events, Am. Heart J., 178, 135, 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.05.010 · DOI
  34. Robinson, 2019, Enhancing the value of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies by identifying patients most likely to benefit. A consensus statement from the National Lipid Association, J. Clin. Lipidol., 13, 525, 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.05.005 · DOI
  35. Roth, 2012, Atorvastatin with or without an antibody to PCSK9 in primary hypercholesterolemia, N. Engl. J. Med., 15, 1891, 10.1056/NEJMoa1201832 · DOI
  36. Roth, 2014, Monotherapy with the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab versus ezetimibe in patients with hypercholesterolemia: results of a 24 week, double-blind, randomized Phase 3 trial, Int. J. Cardiol., 176, 55, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.049 · DOI
  37. Sando, 2015, Nonstatin therapies for management of dyslipidemia: a review, Clin. Therapeut., 37, 2153, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.09.001 · DOI
  38. Schwartz, 2014, Effect of alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, on long-term cardiovascular outcomes following acute coronary syndromes: rationale and design of the ODYSSEY Outcomes trial, Am. Heart J., 168, 682, 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.028 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Seidah, 2016, New developments in proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin 9ʼs biology and clinical implications, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 27, 274, 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000295 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Shapiro, 2018, PCSK9: from basic science discoveries to clinical trials, Circ. Res., 122, 1420, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311227 · DOI · Paper page
  41. Spence, 2016, Overcoming challenges with statin therapy, J. Am. Heart Assoc., 5, 10.1161/JAHA.115.002497 · DOI
  42. Stein, 2012, Lancet, 380, 29, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60771-5 · DOI
  43. Stoekenbroek, 2018, Inclisiran for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: the ORION clinical development program, Future Cardiol., 14, 433, 10.2217/fca-2018-0067 · DOI
  44. Stone, 2013, ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in Adults, Circulation, 129, S1
  45. Wu, 2019, Heterozygous ldlr-deficient hamster as a model to evaluate the efficacy of PCSK9 antibody in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 5936, 10.3390/ijms20235936 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Gallego-Colon, E., Daum, A., & Yosefy, C.
Venue
European Journal of Pharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-07
Volume
878
Pages
173114
ISSN
0014-2999
Cited by
156
References
19
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review