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Cited by 567

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 129 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: A review

Open access
Esteban, Marta, Castaño, Argelia·2009·Environment International

Abstract

Humans and other living organisms are exposed to a variety of chemical pollutants that are released into the environment as a consequence of anthropogenic activities. Environmental pollutants are incorporated into the organism by different routes and can then be stored and distributed in different tissues, which leads to an internal concentration that can induce different alterations, adverse effects and/or diseases. Control measures should be taken to avoid these effects and human biomonitoring is a very useful tool that can contribute to this aim. Human biomonitoring uses different matrices to measure the target chemicals depending on the chemical, the amount of matrix necessary for the analysis and the detection limit (LOD) of the analytical technique. Blood is the ideal matrix for most chemicals due to its contact with the whole organism and its equilibrium with organs and tissues where chemicals are stored. However, it has an important disadvantage of being an invasive matrix. The development of new methodology and modern analytical techniques has allowed the use of other matrices that are less or non-invasive, such as saliva, urine, meconium, nails, hair, and semen or breast milk. The presence of a chemical in these matrices reflects an exposure, but correlations between levels in non-invasive matrices and blood must be established to ensure that these levels are related to the total body burden. The development of new biomarkers that are measurable in these matrices will improve non-invasive biomonitoring. This paper reviews studies that measure Cd, Pb, Hg, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides and phthalates in non-invasive matrices, the most used techniques for measurements and what alternative techniques are available.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.003

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Metadata

Authors
Esteban, M., & Castaño, A.
Venue
Environment International
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-02
Volume
35
Issue
2
Pages
438-449
ISSN
0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2066365610
Cited by
567
References
129
FWCI
9.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: A review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.003
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Esteban, M., & Castaño, A. (2009). Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: A review. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.003

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