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Cited by 376Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsHealth, Environment, Cognitive AgingPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology studies of phthalates

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Johns, Lauren E., Cooper, Glinda S., Galizia, Audrey, Meeker, John D.·2015·Environment International
DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.005PMC PMC4648682
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Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review exposure assessment issues that need to be addressed in designing and interpreting epidemiology studies of phthalates, a class of chemicals commonly used in consumer and personal care products. Specific issues include population trends in exposure, temporal reliability of a urinary metabolite measurement, and how well a single urine sample may represent longer-term exposure. The focus of this review is on seven specific phthalates: diethyl phthalate (DEP); di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP); butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP); di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); diisononyl phthalate (DiNP); and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP). Methods Comprehensive literature search using multiple search strategies. Results Since 2001, declines in population exposure to DEP, BBzP, DBP, and DEHP have been reported in the United States and Germany, but DEHP exposure has increased in China. Although the half-lives of various phthalate metabolites are relatively short (3 to 18h), the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for phthalate metabolites, based on spot and first morning urine samples collected over a week to several months, range from weak to moderate, with a tendency toward higher ICCs (greater temporal stability) for metabolites of the shorter-chained (DEP, DBP, DiBP and BBzP, ICCs generally 0.3 to 0.6) compared with those of the longer-chained (DEHP, DiNP, DiDP, ICCs generally 0.1 to 0.3) phthalates. Additional research on optimal approaches to addressing the issue of urine dilution in studies of associations between biomarkers and different type of health effects is needed. Conclusions In conclusion, the measurement of urinary metabolite concentrations in urine could serve as a valuable approach to estimating exposure to phthalates in environmental epidemiology studies. Careful consideration of the strengths and limitations of this approach when interpreting study results is required.

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  • DEHP exposure in the Chinese population has increased since 2001.

    “DEHP exposure in the Chinese population has increased since 2001 [143].”

    From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [143]

    The Results section (1.3.2, page unavailable) reports that DEHP concentrations in Chinese air increased from 2000 to 2010. That supports an increasing environmental trend, but the cited evidence is environmental monitoring rather than a measurement of exposure in the Chinese population, and it does not establish 2001 as the starting point. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

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Authors
Johns, L. E., Cooper, G. S., Galizia, A., & Meeker, J. D.
Affiliations
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • Environmental Protection Agency (US)
Corresponding author
Meeker, John D.
ORCID
Meeker, John D.
Venue
Environment International
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-12
Volume
85
Pages
27-39
ISSN
0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.005
PMC
PMC4648682
OpenAlex
W1127139512
Cited by
376
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 16
FWCI
2.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Environment International (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • NIEHS (P20ES018171, P42ES017198, R01ES018872, P30ES017885, P01ES022844, T32ES007062)
  • USEPA (RD834800, RD835436)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords
phthalates, exposure assessment, urinary metabolites, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, DEHP, diisodecyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, temporal stability, intraclass correlation coefficient, urine dilution, biomarkers, environmental epidemiology
MeSH terms
China, Dibutyl Phthalate, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Humans, Phthalic Acids, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers

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