Phthalate Diesters and Their Metabolites in Human Breast Milk, Blood or Serum, and Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure in Vulnerable Populations

Högberg, Johan; Hanberg, Annika; Berglund, Marika; Skerfving, Staffan; Remberger, Mikael; Calafat, Antonia M.; Filipsson, Agneta Falk; Jansson, Bo; Johansson, Niklas; Appelgren, Malin; Håkansson, Helen

doi:10.1289/ehp.10788

Cited by 413Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

Phthalate Diesters and Their Metabolites in Human Breast Milk, Blood or Serum, and Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure in Vulnerable Populations

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Högberg, Johan, Hanberg, Annika, Berglund, Marika, Skerfving, Staffan, Remberger, Mikael, Calafat, Antonia M., Filipsson, Agneta Falk, Jansson, Bo +3 more·2008·Environmental Health Perspectives

DOI 10.1289/ehp.10788PMC PMC2265037

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Abstract

Background: Phthalates may pose a risk for perinatal developmental effects. An important question relates to the choice of suitable biological matrices for assessing exposure during this period. Objectives: This study was designed to measure the concentrations of phthalate diesters or their metabolites in breast milk, blood or serum, and urine and to evaluate their suitability for assessing perinatal exposure to phthalates. Methods: In 2001, 2–3 weeks after delivery, 42 Swedish primipara provided breast milk, blood, and urine samples at home. Special care was taken to minimize contamination with phthalates (e.g., use of a special breast milk pump, heat treatment of glassware and needles, addition of phosphoric acid). Results: Phthalate diesters and metabolites in milk and blood or serum, if detected, were present at concentrations close to the limit of detection. By contrast, most phthalate metabolites were detectable in urine at concentrations comparable to those from the general population in the United States and in Germany. No correlations existed between urine concentrations and those found in milk or blood/serum for single phthalate metabolites. Our data are at odds with a previous study documenting frequent detection and comparatively high concentrations of phthalate metabolites in Finnish and Danish mothers’ milk. Conclusions: Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in urine are more informative than those in milk or serum. Furthermore, collection of milk or blood may be associated with discomfort and potential technical problems such as contamination (unless oxidative metabolites are measured). Although urine is a suitable matrix for health-related phthalate monitoring, urinary concentrations in nursing mothers cannot be used to estimate exposure to phthalates through milk ingestion by breast-fed infants.

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Urinary concentrations of MEHP, MIBP, MEP, and MBP were 20-100 times those in blood or milk.
“urinary concentrations of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MIBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were 20–100 times those in blood or milk [24].”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results report that most blood or serum and milk samples were below the detection limit, while all urine samples had detectable concentrations of most metabolites. This supports the general contrast, but the passages do not establish a 20–100-fold difference for MEHP, MIBP, MEP, and MBP specifically. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were detected in blood serum at median concentrations of 0.54, 0.49, 0.50, and 0.5 μg/L, respectively.
“MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were detected in blood serum at median concentrations of 0.54 0.49, 0.50, and 0.5 µg/L, respectively [24]”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results report detectable serum mEHP in a small percentage of samples and seven serum mEP values above the detection limit, but say most blood or serum samples were below that limit. The passages in our copy do not give the four claimed median concentrations or establish detection of serum mBP and miBP at those medians. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Median concentrations of MBP, MBzP, and MEHP in breast milk were 0.54, 0.50, and 0.49 μg/L, respectively.
“Median concentrations of MBP, MBzP, and MEHP in breast milk were 0.54, 0.50, and 0.49 µg/L, respectively [24].”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (page unavailable) report that phthalate metabolites in 42 breast-milk samples were generally close to or below the detection limit, and refer to Table 2 for concentrations. The passages available from our copy do not give the claimed medians of 0.54, 0.50, and 0.49 µg/L, so those exact figures cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
These serum concentrations of MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were at least an order of magnitude lower than those measured in urine.
“and these concentrations were at least an order of magnitude lower than those measured in urine.”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (page unavailable) report that most blood or serum samples were below the detection limit, while all urine samples had detectable concentrations of most metabolites. This supports a general serum–urine difference, but the available passages do not establish that serum MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were each at least tenfold lower than their urinary concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors: Högberg, J., Hanberg, A., Berglund, M., Skerfving, S., Remberger, M., Calafat, A. M., Filipsson, A. F., Jansson, B., Johansson, N., Appelgren, M., & Håkansson, H.
Affiliations: Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Skåne University Hospital (SE)
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (SE)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Stockholm University (SE)
Corresponding author: Högberg, Johan
ORCID: Högberg, Johan
Hanberg, Annika
Berglund, Marika
Calafat, Antonia M.
Johansson, Niklas
Håkansson, Helen
Venue: Environmental Health Perspectives
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2007-12-21
Volume: 116
Issue: 3
Pages: 334-339
ISSN: 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
1552-9924
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10788
PMC: PMC2265037
OpenAlex: W2023955385
Cited by: 413
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 7.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 3661 d)
Locations: Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords: phthalate diesters, phthalate metabolites, breast milk, urine, biomarkers of exposure, perinatal exposure, primiparous women, sample contamination, oxidative metabolites, breastfeeding, infant exposure, biological matrices
MeSH terms: Esters, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Milk, Human, Phthalic Acids, Biomarkers, Maternal Exposure

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Phthalate Diesters and Their Metabolites in Human Breast Milk, Blood or Serum, and Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure in Vulnerable Populations

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