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Effects of a start-stop system for gasoline direct injection vehicles on fuel consumption and particulate emissions in hot and cold environments
Open accessAbstract
Engine start-stop (S&S) technology has been substantially incorporated into modern vehicles to save fuel during idling in congested urban areas because fuel economy regulations have become more stringent. However, the potential for increasing particle emissions after engine restarts, especially in cold environments, is of great concern. To investigate the effects of S&S systems on fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions, a chassis dynamometer was employed to measure the fuel consumption, particulate matter (PM), solid particle number (PN), particle number size distribution and black carbon (BC) for a typical gasoline direct injection vehicle when the S&S was on (S&S-on) and when the S&S was off (S&S-off) according to the worldwide harmonized light-duty test cycle in both hot (28 °C) and cold (5 °C) environments. S&S operation resulted in 3.1-4.3% fuel-savings at 28 °C but had a tendency to increase particulate emissions, especially of BC (21.8-31.8%) and PM (19.2-32.8%). Although PN emissions with S&S-on over the entire cycle were slightly lower than those with S&S-off, more particles were emitted during the engine restart moments. In a cold environment, the fuel-savings advantage of the S&S system was weakened, and the negative impacts on the particle emissions during the restart moment worsened. The S&S system resulted in higher abundances of accumulation mode particles, especially under cold ambient conditions. The relationship between the PN reduction rates and idling seg…
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“Under extremely cold conditions, pollution emission rates from domestic heating and energy production are generally high, and traffic emissions at cold temperatures can release comparatively more pollutants than under higher temperatures due to inefficient combustion conditions (e.g., Brett et al., 2025;Weber et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2022).”
From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2022
In the citing paper
“Under extremely cold conditions, pollution emission rates from domestic heating and energy production are generally high, and traffic emissions at cold temperatures can release comparatively more pollutants than under higher temperatures due to inefficient combustion conditions (e.g., Brett et al., 2025;Weber et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2022).”
From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2022
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhu, R., Fu, Y., Wang, L., Hu, J., He, L., Wang, M., Lai, Y., & Su, S.
- Affiliations
- Zhengzhou University (CN)
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CN)
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Jingnan
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 308
- Pages
- 119689
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4283575913
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 299 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle emissions and performance
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Engine and Fuel Emissions
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Keywords
- start-stop systems, gasoline direct injection, fuel consumption, particulate emissions, black carbon, particle number, particle size distribution, engine restart, idling, fuel economy, accumulation mode particles, light-duty vehicles
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Vehicle Emissions, Dust, Gasoline, Motor Vehicles, Particulate Matter, Soot
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