Residential mobility in early childhood and the impact on misclassification in pesticide exposures

“These cutoffs were primarily selected for estimating the level of misclassification in buffer-based exposure assessment, adopted by our group (500 m or 2 km) (Costello et al., 2009; Ling et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al.”

“Previous geographic studies suggested that generally 70–80% of the addresses during automated geocoding have a positional error of 100 m or less depending on geocoding platforms, although this could be up to a few kilometers in rural areas (Cayo and Talbot, 2003; Faure et al., 2017).”

“, 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al., 2001; Gemmill et al., 2013; Gunier et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2018; Shelton et al., 2014; Wofford et al., 2013) to estimate exposures to agricultural pesticide applied in proximity to residences.”

“To our knowledge, only a couple of studies examined the post-partum residential mobility either in a statewide sample of California women (Margerison-Zilko et al., 2016) or in enrolled childhood leukemia cases of a Northern California Study (Urayama et al., 2009) but both focused on factors associated with residential…”

“Though pregnancy period is the most critical period for most environmental exposures, first year of life exposures might also contribute substantially to young children’s health outcomes (Ma et al., 2002).”

“While previous studies that examined residential proximity to environmental exposures have referred to exposure misclassification when solely using address at delivery or conception instead of a full residential history (Fell et al., 2004; Hodgson et al., 2015; Pennington et al., 2016; Schulman et al., 1993) and the p…”

“, 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al., 2001; Gemmill et al., 2013; Gunier et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2018; Shelton et al., 2014; Wofford et al., 2013) to estimate exposures to agricultural pesticide applied in proximity to residences.”

“However, they often need to assign exposures based upon one maternal residential address, which is readily available from birth certificates (Carozza et al., 2009; Heck et al., 2014; Lavigne et al., 2017; Reynolds et al., 2005; von Ehrenstein et al., 2016) and/or residential address at diagnosis, as was done in some c…”

“5 Pesticide Exposures We estimated agricultural pesticide exposures using a GIS-based Residential Ambient Pesticide Estimation System, as previously described (Cockburn et al., 2011; Rull and Ritz, 2003).”

“…exposures based upon one maternal residential address, which is readily available from birth certificates (Carozza et al., 2009; Heck et al., 2014; Lavigne et al., 2017; Reynolds et al., 2005; von Ehrenstein et al., 2016) and/or residential address at diagnosis, as was done in some childhood…”

“For more than 50% of childhood cancer cases under age 5 diagnosed in California between 1988 and 2005, address at birth differed from the address at cancer diagnosis (Reynolds et al., 2004; Urayama et al., 2009), which raises concerns about using residence at birth to assess exposures in early childhood.”

“5 Pesticide Exposures We estimated agricultural pesticide exposures using a GIS-based Residential Ambient Pesticide Estimation System, as previously described (Cockburn et al., 2011; Rull and Ritz, 2003).”

“An Ohio study examined traffic-related air pollution, greenspace, and community-level characteristics among children from birth through age seven in relation to asthma (Brokamp et al., 2016) and a Finnish study examined background radiation exposure among children in relation to childhood leukemia (Nikkilä et al.”

“However, they often need to assign exposures based upon one maternal residential address, which is readily available from birth certificates (Carozza et al., 2009; Heck et al., 2014; Lavigne et al., 2017; Reynolds et al., 2005; von Ehrenstein et al., 2016) and/or residential address at diagnosis, as was done in some c…”

“In contrast, individual-level measures of proximity to pesticide applications or crops as a proxy within a ~800–1000 m buffer of a child’s residence (Cockburn et al., 2011; Gómez-Barroso et al., 2016; Rull et al., 2009) may be subject to considerable misclassification due to residential mobility.”

“However, they often need to assign exposures based upon one maternal residential address, which is readily available from birth certificates (Carozza et al., 2009; Heck et al., 2014; Lavigne et al., 2017; Reynolds et al., 2005; von Ehrenstein et al., 2016) and/or residential address at diagnosis, as was done in some c…”

“Box) addresses that are not residential locations and are believed to introduce substantial geographically-based exposure misclassification (Hurley et al., 2003).”

“, 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al., 2001; Gemmill et al., 2013; Gunier et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2018; Shelton et al., 2014; Wofford et al., 2013) to estimate exposures to agricultural pesticide applied in proximity to residences.”

“This study was conducted as part of the Air Pollution and Childhood Cancers (APCC) study, a large casecontrol investigation of children ages 0 to 5 years in CA, described previously (Heck et al., 2013).”

“, 2016) and/or residential address at diagnosis, as was done in some childhood cancer studies (Carozza et al., 2008; García-Pérez et al., 2016, 2015).”

“Earlier studies have shown that addresses acquired from LexisNexis are useful for reconstructing residential histories for subjects in epidemiological studies with an overall match rate of ~70–85% when detailed address histories were obtained in interviews (Hurley et al., 2017; Jacquez et al., 2011; Wheeler and Wang,…”

“To our knowledge, only a couple of studies examined the post-partum residential mobility either in a statewide sample of California women (Margerison-Zilko et al., 2016) or in enrolled childhood leukemia cases of a Northern California Study (Urayama et al., 2009) but both focused on factors associated with residential…”

“While previous studies that examined residential proximity to environmental exposures have referred to exposure misclassification when solely using address at delivery or conception instead of a full residential history (Fell et al., 2004; Hodgson et al., 2015; Pennington et al., 2016; Schulman et al., 1993) and the p…”

“In contrast, individual-level measures of proximity to pesticide applications or crops as a proxy within a ~800–1000 m buffer of a child’s residence (Cockburn et al., 2011; Gómez-Barroso et al., 2016; Rull et al., 2009) may be subject to considerable misclassification due to residential mobility.”

“, 1993) and the potential bias resulting from residential mobility during pregnancy (Pennington et al., 2016), they rarely focused on early childhood.”

“These cutoffs were primarily selected for estimating the level of misclassification in buffer-based exposure assessment, adopted by our group (500 m or 2 km) (Costello et al., 2009; Ling et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al.”

“…which is readily available from birth certificates (Carozza et al., 2009; Heck et al., 2014; Lavigne et al., 2017; Reynolds et al., 2005; von Ehrenstein et al., 2016) and/or residential address at diagnosis, as was done in some childhood cancer studies (Carozza et al., 2008; García-Pérez et…”

“Previous geographic studies suggested that generally 70–80% of the addresses during automated geocoding have a positional error of 100 m or less depending on geocoding platforms, although this could be up to a few kilometers in rural areas (Cayo and Talbot, 2003; Faure et al., 2017).”

“, 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al., 2001; Gemmill et al., 2013; Gunier et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2018; Shelton et al., 2014; Wofford et al., 2013) to estimate exposures to agricultural pesticide applied in proximity to residences.”

“Address information from LexisNexis has several intrinsic issues including multiple unique addresses for the same time period, inaccurate or missing first seen and last seen dates associated with certain addresses (Hurley et al., 2017), disagreement between LexisNexis addresses and registry-obtained addresses at the t…”

“Following previously developed methods (Hurley et al., 2017; Wheeler and Wang, 2015), we cleaned and processed all addresses: first, we removed all post office box (P.”

“, 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al., 2001; Gemmill et al., 2013; Gunier et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2018; Shelton et al., 2014; Wofford et al., 2013) to estimate exposures to agricultural pesticide applied in proximity to residences.”

“While previous studies that examined residential proximity to environmental exposures have referred to exposure misclassification when solely using address at delivery or conception instead of a full residential history (Fell et al., 2004; Hodgson et al., 2015; Pennington et al., 2016; Schulman et al., 1993) and the p…”

“, 2011) and other studies using buffer sizes between 500 m and 8 km radius (Bell et al., 2001; Gemmill et al., 2013; Gunier et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2018; Shelton et al., 2014; Wofford et al., 2013) to estimate exposures to agricultural pesticide applied in proximity to residences.”

“To date, only a few studies investigated the impact of residential mobility in early childhood on exposure assessment or effect estimates (Brokamp et al., 2016; Danysh et al., 2017; Nikkilä et al., 2018; Tee Lewis et al., 2019).”

“To our knowledge, only a couple of studies examined the post-partum residential mobility either in a statewide sample of California women (Margerison-Zilko et al., 2016) or in enrolled childhood leukemia cases of a Northern California Study (Urayama et al., 2009) but both focused on factors associated with residential…”

“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript In a 2003–2007 California statewide representative survey, only 14% of women moved in the 2–7 months post-partum (Margerison-Zilko et al., 2016), but the frequency of residential moves increases with a child’s age.”

“Four (80%) of the included articles explored the impact of residential mobility on exposure assessment; that is, whether patients’ moving impacted the results of studies looking at environmental outcomes.(15,16,56,57) In all of these articles, bias was characterized as misclassification of exposure to contaminants, an…”

“ID2W 2 km Exposed 14 (3) 37 (2) 7 (2) 13 (1) Unexposed 391 (97) 2,043 (98) 398 (98) 2,067 (99) ID2W 5 km Exposed 31 (8) 122 (6) 18 (4) 61 (3) Unexposed 374 (92) 1,958 (94) 387 (96) 2,019 (97) ID2W 10 km Exposed 59 (15) 270 (13) 41 (10) 153 (7) Unexposed 346 (85) 1,810 (87) 364 (89) 1,927 (83) IDups 2 km Exposed 6 (2)…”

“However, our recent study in the same study population compared address on birth records to residential histories from a public-record database (LexisNexis) [77].”

“…based on neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics that differ by race and sex (Brown et al., 2011; Grimaud et al., 2011; Hart et al., 2000; Howard et al., 2016; Lisabeth et al., 2007; Pujades-Rodriguez et al., 2014), it is important to have unbiased and comprehensive residential location data.”

“Given the relatively novel and unique nature of Lexis-Nexis data, only a few studies have assessed its accuracy, validity, and potential biases (13, 15–17).”

“It is similar to other consumer datasets, such as Infutor and LexisNexis, that have also been used in academic research (Diamond, McQuade, and Qian 2019; Ling et al. 2019; Greenlee 2019; Phillips 2020).”

“…commercially available credit reporting companies such as LexisNexis to construct residential histories for epidemiological studies (Bender et al., 2006; Hurley et al., 2017; Jacquez et al., 2011) as they are becoming more popular in cancer research (Ling et al., 2019; Stinchcomb & Roeser, 2016).”

“Residential mobility in the general U.S. population and cancer population before and after diagnosis have been previously documented (34-36,42 ,45 ,55 Extending the existing literature, we further quantified the degree of the exposure misclassification between approaches with and without…”

“While we cannot rule out the prenatal period as a critical window of exposure, there is some evidence that exposures based on addresses at birth and diagnosis are similar [34,35], so these results may also apply to sources of exposure during pregnancy.”

“3,7,11 Mothers with higher educational attainment tend to experience housing stability due to greater economic resources and access to stable housing environments.”

“Though our analysis was not designed to compare to term infants, we found that preterm mobility rates are aligned with prior estimates that include infants of all gestations [1 – 3 , 5].”

“12 In another California study of childhood cancers diagnosed before age 15, information obtained from LexisNexis showed that two-thirds of cases had moved between their birth and diagnosis date, with higher residential mobility associated with younger maternal age, older child age at diagnosis,…”