Substance use disorders in association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, co-morbid mental disorders, and medication in a nationwide sample
Open accessAbstract
Background The association of substance use disorders (SUD) with attention-deficit disorder (ADHD), co-morbid mental disorders, and medication has only been studied in isolation and in rather small samples.Procedure Data were based on four Danish national registers covering a total of 20,742 patients with ADHD, their dispensed medications, co-morbid mental disorders, and associated SUD between 1994 and 2010. The analyses considered the risk of various medications (methylphenidate only, antidepressants only, antipsychotic only, mixed medication) in comparison to a control group of non-medicated patients with ADHD, various co-morbid disorders, duration of medication, age at diagnosis, year of birth, and sex for developing SUD.Results The observation period of the cohort ranged between 2.25 and 66.21 years and the prevalence for SUD was 9.51%. The SUD rates were significantly higher prior to, compared to following the onset of medication in the methylphenidate and the mixed medication subgroup, whereas they were significantly higher following onset of medication in the antidepressants and the antipsychotics subgroups. However, the SUD rates were significantly higher in all drug conditions except for methylphenidate after onset of medication compared to the non-medicated subgroup. Risk factors obtained by regression analysis did not include methylphenidate but did include antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mixed medications, in combination with co-morbid mood, anxiety, personality, and conduct disorders, and older age at diagnosis. Longer duration of medication and female sex were protective factors.Conclusions This representative study based on a large nationwide psychiatric sample provides solid evidence into the patterns of SUD in patients with ADHD based on medication use and co-morbidities.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass, K. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Charach, A., Yeung, E., Climans, T., & Lillie, E. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.019 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Eugene Arnold, L., Swanson, J. M., Pelham, W. E., Hechtman, L., Hoza, B., Epstein, J. N., Wigal, T., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.014 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Lauritsen, M. B., Jørgensen, M., Madsen, K. M., Lemcke, S., Toft, S., Grove, J., Schendel, D. E., & Thorsen, P. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0818-0 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Skirrow, C., McLoughlin, G., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.2 · Cited by 217 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, symptoms of depression are also commonly related to ADHD symptoms (Skirrow et al., 2009) and may be another important mediating factor.”
BackgroundStimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes
Humphreys, K. L., Eng, T., & Lee, S. S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Validity of diagnoses and other clinical register data in patients with affective disorder
Kessing, L. V. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80685-3 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Reliability of clinical ICD-10 schizophrenia diagnoses
Jakobsen, K. D., Nordgaard, J., Hansen, T. F., Jansson, L., Parnas, J., & Werge, T. M. (2005) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480510027698 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Sizoo, B. B., van den Brink, W., Koeter, M. W. J., Eenige, M. G.-V., van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M., & van der Gaag, R. J. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.09.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Validation of Danish case register diagnosis for schizophrenia
Löffler, W., Häfner, H., Fätkenheuer, B., Maurer, K., Riecher‐Rössler, A., Lützhøft, J. H., Skadhede, S., Munk‐Jørgensen, P., & Strömgren, E. (1994) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01577.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD
Kooij, J. J. S., Bijlenga, D., Salerno, L., Jaeschke, R., Bitter, I., Balázs, J., Thome, J., Dom, G., Kasper, S., Nunes Filipe, C., et al. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence
Jordan, C. J., & Andersen, S. L. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
“However, individuals with ADHD who receive early treatment show the same age-related elevated rates of SUD as age-matched community controls (Mannuzza et al., 2008; Steinhausen and Bisgaard, 2014; Wilens et al., 2003).”
InfluentialA literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes
Boland, H., DiSalvo, M., Fried, R., Woodworth, K. Y., Wilens, T., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.006 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Coghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Cortese, S., Asherson, P., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Doepfner, M., et al. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01871-x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol use disorders and ADHD.
Luderer, M., Ramos Quiroga, J. A., Faraone, S. V., Zhang-James, Y., & Reif, A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Ottosen, C., Petersen, L., Larsen, J. T., & Dalsgaard, S. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.010 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Association Between Stimulant Treatment and Substance Use Through Adolescence Into Early Adulthood.
Molina, B. S. G., Kennedy, T. M., Howard, A. L., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Mitchell, J. T., Stehli, A., Kennedy, E. H., Epstein, J. N., Hechtman, L. T., et al. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2157 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Groenman, A. P., Schweren, L. J. S., Weeda, W., Luman, M., Noordermeer, S. D. S., Heslenfeld, D. J., Franke, B., Faraone, S. V., Rommelse, N., Hartman, C. A., et al. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01283-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Steinhausen, H.-C., & Bisgaard, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 232-241
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974236262
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- vbn.aau.dk
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- substance use disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, methylphenidate, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, comorbid mental disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, conduct disorder, age at diagnosis, sex differences, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Denmark, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Registries, Risk Factors, Antipsychotic Agents, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
