Reliability and relationships among handgrip strength, leg extensor strength and power, and balance in older men
Abstract
Purpose To quantify the reliability of isometric leg extension torque (LEMVC), rate of torque development (LERTD), isometric handgrip force (HGMVC) and RFD (HGRFD), isokinetic leg extension torque and power at 1.05rad·s(-1) and 3.14rad·s(-1); and explore relationships among strength, power, and balance in older men. Methods Sixteen older men completed 3 isometric handgrips, 3 isometric leg extensions, and 3 isokinetic leg extensions at 1.05rad·s(-1) and 3.14rad·s(-1) during two visits. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), ICC confidence intervals (95% CI), coefficients of variation (CVs), and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. Results LERTD demonstrated no reliability. The CVs for LERTD and HGRFD were ≤23.26%. HGMVC wasn't related to leg extension torque or power, or balance (r=0.14-0.47; p>0.05). However, moderate to strong relationships were found among isokinetic leg extension torque at 1.05rad·s(-1) and 3.14rad·s(-1), leg extension mean power at 1.05rad·s(-1), and functional reach (r=0.51-0.95; p≤0.05). Conclusions LERTD and HGRFD weren't reliable and shouldn't be used as outcome variables in older men. Handgrip strength may not be an appropriate surrogate for lower body strength, power, or balance. Instead, perhaps handgrip strength should only be used to describe upper body strength or functionality, which may compliment isokinetic assessments of lower body strength, which were reliable and related to balance.
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Reliability of RFD and impulse measurements is lower during the early phase of contraction, with within-subject CV for force measurements over repeated sessions of 12.8-16.6% (0-50 ms), 4.5-5.3% (0-100 ms), and 4.5-5.1% (0-150 ms).
“In particular, the reliability of RFD and impulse measurements has consistently been found to be lower during the early phase of contraction, e.g., within-subject CV for force measurements over repeated measurement sessions: 12.8–16.6 % (0–50 ms); 4.5–5.3 % (0–100 ms); 4.5–5.1 % (0–150 ms) (Buckthorpe et al. 2012; Tillin et al. 2011), and other studies have found notably lower reliability (Jenkins”
From Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations (2016) · cites this paper as Jenkins et al. 2014a
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Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 23,433 · see citing works
Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science
Hopkins, W. G. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001 · Cited by 4,635 · see citing works
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Leong, D. P., Teo, K. K., Rangarajan, S., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Avezum, A., Orlandini, A., Seron, P., Ahmed, S. H., Rosengren, A., Kelishadi, R., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62000-6 · Cited by 1,876 · see citing works
Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations
Maffiuletti, N. A., Aagaard, P., Blazevich, A. J., Folland, J., Tillin, N., & Duchateau, J. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3346-6 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Byrne, C., Faure, C., Keene, D. J., & Lamb, S. E. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0489-x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jenkins, N. D. M., Buckner, S. L., Bergstrom, H. C., Cochrane, K. C., Goldsmith, J. A., Housh, T. J., Johnson, G. O., Schmidt, R. J., & Cramer, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cramer, Joel T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Experimental Gerontology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 58
- Pages
- 47-50
- ISSN
- 0531-5565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015114549
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 14.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Nebraska Agricultural Research Division (#1000080, #NEB-36-078)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- grip strength, leg extensor strength, isokinetic leg extension, rate of torque development, balance, older men, test-retest reliability, functional reach test, lower limb strength
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Postural Balance, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Geriatric Assessment, Muscle, Skeletal, Hand Strength, Torque, Upper Extremity, Lower Extremity, Muscle Strength Dynamometer
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