The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Replication and reproducibility in spinal cord injury research
Abstract
This special issue of Experimental Neurology compiles a series of papers that either explicitly replicate published studies or retest phenomena reported in previous publications. The explicit replications were carried out as part of the "Facilities of Research Excellence-Spinal Cord Injury" (FORE-SCI) program launched by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in 2003. Here, we review the FORE-SCI replication experiments published prior to those in this special issue. We then discuss emerging issues regarding replication and reproducibility in spinal cord injury research, especially in terms of potential translation to clinical trials.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Of 12 replications of preclinical spinal cord injury research in the FORE-SCI program, only two clearly replicated the original findings”
From Investigating the replicability of preclinical cancer biology (2021) · cites this paper as Steward et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“The low replication success rates and small effect sizes we found reinforce prior calls for improving the rigor and transparency of preclinical research to improve the allocation of limited resources and to protect human participants from being enrolled in trials that are based on weak evidence”
From Investigating the replicability of preclinical cancer biology (2021) · cites this paper as Steward et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Some pivotal aspects of study design, such as randomization and the blinding of investigators who analyse the results of animal experiments, are used in less than 20% of studies16–18”
From How to design preclinical studies in nanomedicine and cell therapy to maximize the prospects of clinical translation (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
Cites
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
the CONSORT Group, Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18 · Cited by 13,371
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 · Cited by 10,505
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2005.10722754 · Cited by 4,702
A Sensitive and Reliable Locomotor Rating Scale for Open Field Testing in Rats
BASSO, D. M., BEATTIE, M. S., & BRESNAHAN, J. C. (1995) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1995.12.1 · Cited by 3,963
Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury
Bradbury, E. J., Moon, L. D. F., Popat, R. J., King, V. R., Bennett, G. S., Patel, P. N., Fawcett, J. W., & McMahon, S. B. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416636a · Cited by 2,357
CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., & for the CONSORT Group (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000251 · Cited by 2,296
Basso, D., Fisher, L., Anderson, A., Jakeman, L., McTigue, D. M., & Popovich, P. (2006) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.635 · Cited by 1,615
Self-citationCellular prion protein mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity by amyloid-β oligomers
Laurén, J., Gimbel, D. A., Nygaard, H. B., Gilbert, J. W., & Strittmatter, S. M. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07761 · Cited by 1,560
Keirstead, H. S., Nistor, G., Bernal, G. M., Totoiu, M. O., Cloutier, F., Sharp, K. L., & Steward, O. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0311-05.2005 · Cited by 1,263
Self-citationRecommendations for Standards Regarding Preclinical Neuroprotective and Restorative Drug Development
Roundtable, S. T. A. I. (1999) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.30.12.2752 · Cited by 1,256
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–186 of 186
Statistical Rigor and the Perils of Chance
Button, K. S. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0030-16.2016 · Cited by 11
Chen, P., Ma, A., & Liu, Q. (2018) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-018-0702-9 · Cited by 12
Gelderblom, M., Koch, S., Strecker, J., Jørgensen, C., García‐Bonilla, L., Ludewig, P., Schädlich, I. S., Piepke, M., Degenhardt, K., Bernreuther, C., et al. (2023) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad090 · Cited by 11
Sahoo, S. S., Valdez, J., & Rueschman, M. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 11
Narang, A., & Zheng, B. (2018) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.04.007 · Cited by 11
Aceves, M., Dietz, V. A., Dulin, J. N., Jeffery, U., & Jeffery, N. D. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0092-20.2020 · Cited by 12
Zucchelli, P., Horak, G., & Skinner, N. (2020) · SLAS TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.1177/2472630320971218 · Cited by 13
Fedorová, J., & Pavel, J. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6140 · Cited by 10
Fladie, I. A., Adewumi, M. T., Vo, N. H., Tritz, D., & Vassar, M. B. (2019) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2019.11.001 · Cited by 10
Reproducible Research Practices in the Plastic Surgery Literature
Ascha, M., Katabi, L., Stevens, E., Gatherwright, J., & Vassar, M. B. (2022) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000008956 · Cited by 9
Facilitating transparency in spinal cord injury studies using data standards and ontologies
Lemmon, V., Abeyruwan, S., Visser, U., & Bixby, J. (2014) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.125322 · Cited by 9
Becker, M. I., & Parker, D. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00120.2019 · Cited by 9
Late, never or non‐existent: the inaccessibility of preclinical evidence for new drugs
Federico, C. A., Carlisle, B. G., Kimmelman, J., & Fergusson, D. A. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12771 · Cited by 9
Freshwater, M. F. (2015) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2015.06.012 · Cited by 8
Paaßen, B., Stöckel, A., Dickfelder, R., Göpfert, J. P., Brazda, N., Kirchhoffer, T., Müller, H. W., Klinger, R., Härtung, M., & Cimiano, P. (2014) · doi:10.3115/v1/w14-6204 · Cited by 9
Transparent and Reproducible Research Practices in the Surgical Literature
Hughes, T., Niemann, A., Tritz, D., Boyer, K., Robbins, H. I., & Vassar, M. B. (2022) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2021.09.024 · Cited by 8
Mah, K. M., Wu, W., Al‐Ali, H., Sun, Y., Han, Q., Ding, Y., Muñoz, M., Xu, X., Lemmon, V., & Bixby, J. L. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114117 · Cited by 8
Widening spinal injury research to consider all supraspinal cell types: Why we must and how we can
Blackmore, M. G., Batsel, E., & Tsoulfas, P. (2021) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113862 · Cited by 8
Regulatory aspects of small molecule drugs for heart regeneration
Rodgers, K. E., Papinska, A., & Mordwinkin, N. M. (2015) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.013 · Cited by 8
Reproducibility and transparency in biomedical sciences
Gannot, G., Cutting, M., Fischer, D., & Hsu, L. (2016) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.12588 · Cited by 8
BEAM: A combinatorial recombinase toolbox for binary gene expression and mosaic genetic analysis
Greig, L. C., Woodworth, M. B., Poulopoulos, A., Lim, S. H.-S., & Macklis, J. D. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114650 · Cited by 6
Samandari, R., Hassanpour-Ezatti, M., Fakhri, S., Abbaszadeh, F., & Jorjani, M. (2018) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.9.10.260 · Cited by 6
Parker, D. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.335828 · Cited by 6
Joffe, A. R., Bara, M., Anton, N. R., & Nobis, N. (2016) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119291604400407 · Cited by 6
A bipedal mammalian model for spinal cord injury research: The tammar wallaby
Saunders, N. R., Dzięgielewska, K. M., Whish, S. C., Hinds, L. A., Wheaton, B. J., Huang, Y., Henry, S., & Habgood, M. D. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11712.1 · Cited by 7
Reproducibility – The key towards clinical implementation of spinal cord injury treatments?
Schaffran, B., & Bradke, F. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.12.010 · Cited by 6
Guilherme-Fernandes, J., Franco, N. H., Grierson, A. J., Hultgren, J., Furley, A. J., & Olsson, I. A. S. (2019) · BMJ Open Science · doi:10.1136/bmjos-2018-000016 · Cited by 6
Shreckengost, J., Halder, M., Mena-Avila, E., Garcia-Ramirez, D. L., Quevedo, J. N., & Hochman, S. (2020) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00228.2020 · Cited by 6
Assumptions of twentieth-century neuroscience: reductionist and computational paradigms
Parker, D. (2022) · Interdisciplinary Science Reviews · doi:10.1080/03080188.2022.2149736 · Cited by 5
Expectations for methodology and translation of animal research: a survey of health care workers
Joffe, A. R., Bara, M., Anton, N. R., & Nobis, N. (2015) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-015-0024-x · Cited by 6
A meta-analysis of the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on rodent fear conditioning
Carneiro, C. F. D., Amorim, F. E., & Amaral, O. B. (2023) · Peer Community Journal · doi:10.24072/pcjournal.339 · Cited by 7
P-hacking in academic research
Ingre, M. (2016) · DiVA (Stockholm University) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.3393664 · Cited by 5
The Quality of Reporting of Kidney Research: A Challenge to JASN
Briggs, J. P. (2018) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2018111132 · Cited by 6
Hamilton, D. G., McKenzie, J. E., Nguyen, P., Rethlefsen, M. L., McDonald, S. J., Brennan, S. E., Fidler, F., Higgins, J. P. T., Kanukula, R., Karunananthan, S., et al. (2026) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1017/rsm.2025.10064 · Cited by 5
Towards Reliable Data Augmentation in Machine Learning: Practices to Prevent Data Leakage
Gerz, F., & Jelali, M. (2026) · Smart Agricultural Technology · doi:10.1016/j.atech.2026.102462 · Cited by 5
New perspectives for investigating respiratory failure induced by cervical spinal cord injury
Bonay, M., & Vinit, S. (2014) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.145367 · Cited by 4
Neff, E. P. (2018) · Lab Animal · doi:10.1038/laban.1405 · Cited by 4
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Shackelford, T. K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_302244 · Cited by 5
Reflections on Data Sharing Practices in Spinal Cord Injury Research
Gensel, J. C., & Orr, M. B. (2021) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-020-09498-0 · Cited by 4
Menezes, K., Lima, M. A. B., Xerez, D. R., Menezes, J. R. L., de Holanda, G. S., Silva, A. D., Leite, E. S., Franco, O. B., Nascimento, M. A., de Faria, M. A. A. M., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.19.24301010 · Cited by 7
The Current Status of Neuroprotection for Spinal Cord Injury
Santamaría, A. J., & Guest, J. D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_20 · Cited by 3
Guertin, P. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology · doi:10.4172/2155-9562.1000e107 · Cited by 3
Bad Science: Cause and Consequence
Elliott, S. (2016) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.002 · Cited by 5
Neuromodulator interactions and spinal cord injury in lamprey
Parker, D., & McClelland, T. (2018) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.230287 · Cited by 3
Snow, D. (2014) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.125323 · Cited by 3
When should researchers cite study differences in response to a failure to replicate?
Colaço, D., Bickle, J., & Walters, B. J. (2022) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-022-09873-y · Cited by 2
Bridging consensus and controversy in fear conditioning research via meta-analysis
Garofalo, S. (2023) · Peer community in neuroscience. · doi:10.24072/pci.neuro.100144 · Cited by 1
Bespalov, A., Mus, L., & Zvartau, E. E. (2016) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-016-1215-9 · Cited by 2
Spinal Cord Injuries in Dogs Part II: Standards of Care, Prognosis and New Perspectives
Sulla, I. J., Balik, V., Horňák, S., & Ledecký, V. (2018) · Folia veterinaria · doi:10.2478/fv-2018-0016 · Cited by 2
Perspectives on preclinical evidence for translation in SCI
Reier, P. J., Lane, M. A., & Zholudeva, L. V. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818662-6.00001-7 · Cited by 2
Translation: Relevance of Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models
Tigchelaar, S., & Kwon, B. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_25 · Cited by 2
Regeneration of Denervated Skeletal Muscles – Brunelli’s CNS-PNS Paradigm
von Wild, T., Brunelli, G. A., von Wild, K. R. H., Löhnhardt, M., Cătoi, C., Cătoi, A. F., Vester, J., Strilciuc, Ș., & Trillenberg, P. (2019) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2019-0063 · Cited by 2
Chen, C., Xue, C., Zhang, J., Liu, D., Chu, D., Wang, X., & Li, S. (2026) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-01098 · Cited by 1
Targeting the cytoskeleton with an FDA approved drug to promote recovery after spinal cord injury
Vagnozzi, A. N., & Silver, J. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.007 · Cited by 1
Rat Models of Central Nervous System Injury
Philips, B. H., Browne, K. D., Cullen, D. K., & Jaber, S. M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814338-4.00029-5 · Cited by 1
Functional changes after spinal lesions: implications for interventions
Parker, D. (2018) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.232472 · Cited by 1
Stöckel, A., Paaßen, B., Dickfelder, R., Göpfert, J. P., Brazda, N., Müller, H. W., Cimiano, P., Härtung, M., & Klinger, R. (2015) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/013458 · Cited by 1
The Solution to Science's Replication CrisisPreprint
Knuteson, B. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2835131 · Cited by 2
A dynamic balance between neuronal death and clearance after acute brain injuryPreprint
Balena, T., Lillis, K. P., Rahmati, N., Bahari, F., Dzhala, V. I., Berdichevsky, E., & Staley, K. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528332 · Cited by 1
Experimentelle Ansätze zur Therapie des ischämischen Schlaganfalls
Kleinschnitz, C., & Plesnila, N. (2012) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-012-3536-3
Let’s be certain about sartans (and other potential new therapies for CNS injury): Figure 1
Moon, L. D. F. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv239
Querschnittslähmung muss heilbar werden – das ambitionierte Ziel der Wings for Life Stiftung
Aigner, L., Failli, V., Gröbner, M., Pelinka, H., & Schwab, J. M. (2012) · Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.orthtr.2012.03.002
Reliability issues in imaging genetics
Eriksson, A. (2017) · doi:10.6083/m4cr5sf2
The Economics of Reproducibility in
Freedman, L. P., Cockburn, I., & Simcoe, T. S. (2015)
Peripheral Nerve Suicide Transport Generates a Reproducible SCI
Pagano, J. E., Liang, A. S., Chrzan, C. A., & McKinnon, R. D. (2017) · Spine Research · doi:10.21767/2471-8173.100038
Veterinary Care Methods for Rats and Mice in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Studies: An Update
Yarberry, C. D., Puckett, A. H., & Onifer, S. M. (2019) · Springer series in translational stroke research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16082-1_5
A mathematical model for storage and recovery of motor actions in the spinal cordPreprint
Parker, D., & Srivastava, V. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119321
Zhai, J., Kim, H., Han, S. B., Manire, M., Yoo, R., Pang, S., Smith, G. M., & Son, Y. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.293894
The Solution to Science's Replication CrisisPreprint
Knuteson, B. (2016) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1609.03223
The functional properties of synapses made by regenerated axons across spinal cord lesion sitesPreprint
Parker, D. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449247
Fehlings, M. G. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.725659022.793538139
McKinnon, R. D., Lupinski, I., & Liang, A. S. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.345472
Axonale Regeneration im Nervensystem – Quo vadis?
Klimaschewski, L. P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66330-1_3
Osteopathie und evidenzbasierte Medizin, Teil 2: Kritik an der EBM
Luthin, D. (2024) · DO - Deutsche Zeitschrift für Osteopathie · doi:10.1055/a-2220-8344
Axonal Regeneration in the Nervous System—Quo Vadis?
Klimaschewski, L. P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68053-7_3
Hamilton, D. G., McKenzie, J. E., Nguyen, P., Rethlefsen, M. L., McDonald, S. J., Brennan, S., Fidler, F. M., Higgins, J. P. T., Kanukula, R., Karunananthan, S., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.25331623
Jagadeesan, S. K., Sandarage, R. V., & Tsai, E. C. (2026) · Biopreservation and Biobanking · doi:10.1177/19475535261443118
Investigation of Neurotransplantation and Regenerative Therapy in Preclinical Models
Sugaya, K. (2026) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18296-8_28
Estimating the replicability of Brazilian biomedical sciencePreprint
Initiative, T. B. R. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111001
Estimating the replicability of Brazilian biomedical sciencePreprint
Initiative, T. B. R. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111001.1
Microtubules in Spinal Cord Injury: From Cytoskeletal Dysregulation to Therapeutic Regeneration
Fischer, I., & Baas, P. W. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70537
Jagadeesan, S. K., Sandarage, R. V., & Tsai, E. C. (2026) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1177/2689288x261475797
The unmet burden of secondary SCI complications: lost in translation
Sorani, M. D., & Rabchevsky, A. G. (2026) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/s41393-026-01266-2
Bastidas, J. C., Jones, L., Baptista, M., Wheeler, J. J., Barrett, R., Mongia, S., Havas, D., Fouad, K., Tetzlaff, W., Hanania, T., et al. (2026) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2026.116025
Li, K., Hassan, L. F., Prasad, H., Omodia, G., Woods, P. S., & O’Shea, T. M. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-11110-1
Metadata
- Authors
- Steward, O., Popovich, P. G., Dietrich, W. D., & Kleitman, N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steward, Oswald
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 597-605
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2085512194
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- N01-NS-3-2353
- HHSN271200800039C
- HHSN271200800040C
- N01-NS-3-2352
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- spinal cord injury, replication study, reproducibility, clinical translation, translational research, research reproducibility
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Pilot Projects, Spinal Cord Injuries, Reproducibility of Results, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review