Deep Eutectic Solvent-Ferrofluid Based Single-Step Magnetic-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Pyrethroid Residues Determination in Vegetable Oils by GC–MS/MS
Open accessAbstract
A deep eutectic solvents-based ferrofluids (DES-FFs) material was prepared by combining small-sized Fe 3 O 4 magnetic cores with a ternary choline chloride/sesamol/coumarin (1:3:1) DESs. The material was used for single-step magnetic-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (MALLME) and determination of 15 pyrethroids (PYs) in vegetable oils by GC–MS/MS. The small-sized Fe 3 O 4 material improved colloidal stability of DES-FFs and enabled rapid phase separation (<10 s). The DES-FFs might leverage enhanced π-π stacking interactions between sesamol/coumarin and PYs, and optimal hydrophilicity-polarity matching, which collectively contributed to the high extraction efficiency for PYs. Comprehensive characterization (HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, etc.) validated the material's structural integrity, thermal stability and magnetic property. The developed method demonstrated high sensitivity (LODs: 0.91–3.03 ng/mL; LOQs: 3.02–10.09 ng/mL), significantly reduced matrix effect, and good precision (RSD ≤6.92%) for 15 PYs in vegetable oils, with recoveries ranging from 79.88% to 107.90%. Determination of 15 PYs was successfully achieved in both refined and crude vegetable oils. • A DES-FFs material was prepared by combining small-sized Fe 3 O 4 magnetic cores with a ternary choline chloride/sesamol/coumarin-DES (1:3:1). • The material was used for single-step MALLME method and determination of 15 PYs in vegetable oils by GC–MS/MS. • High extraction efficiency of PYs using DES-FFs might be due to the enhanced π-π stacking interaction, as well as the matching of hydrophilicity and polarity. • Small-sized magnetic nanoparticles improved the colloidal stability of DES-FFs and enabled rapid phase separation (< 10 s).
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DES-based ferrofluids constructed from Fe3O4 magnetic cores are effective magnetic extractants.
“Likewise, DES-based ferrofluids constructed from Fe 3 O 4 magnetic cores have been identified as effective magnetic extractants [116], further illustrating the advantages of integrating DESs with magnetic nanostructures to achieve rapid and environmentally friendly separation processes.”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [116]
Integrating DESs with magnetic nanostructures enables rapid and environmentally friendly separation processes.
“further illustrating the advantages of integrating DESs with magnetic nanostructures to achieve rapid and environmentally friendly separation processes.”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [116]
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- Authors
- Yu, J., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Chen, M., Nie, C., & Liu, W.
- Affiliations
- China Tobacco (CN)
- Henan University of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yu, Jingjing
- Liu, Wei
- Venue
- Food Chemistry: X
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2026-02
- Volume
- 34
- Pages
- 103576
- ISSN
- 2590-1575 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12865580
- OpenAlex
- W7125589614
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Chemistry X (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Hainan Association for Science and Technology
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32202166)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Keywords
- deep eutectic solvents, ferrofluids, pyrethroid insecticides, vegetable oils, choline chloride, sesamol, coumarins, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, π-π stacking, pesticide residues, food safety
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