Optimization of pectin extraction from banana peels with citric acid by using response surface methodology
Abstract
A central composite design was used to determine effects of pH (2.0-4.5), extraction temperature (70-90 °C) and time (120-240 min) on the yield, degree of methoxylation (DM) and galacturonic acid content (GA) of pectins extracted from banana peels with citric acid. Changes in composition during the main steps of pectin extraction were followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR was also used to determine DM and GA of pectins. Harsh temperature and pH conditions enhanced the extraction yield, but decreased DM. GA presented a maximum value at 83 °C, 190 min, and pH 2.7. The yield of galacturonic acid (YGA), which took into account both the extraction yield and the pectin purity, was improved by higher temperature and lower pH values. The optimum extraction conditions, defined as those resulting in a maximum YGA while keeping DM at a minimum of 51%, were: 87 °C, 160 min, pH 2.0.
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Banana peel is a notable source of pectin, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, aromas like isoamyl acetate, flour, and banana oil.
“The peel is also a notable source of pectin [72], saponins, sterols, triterpenes ( β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, cycloeucalenol, cycloartenol, 24-methylene cycloartanol) [73], aromas like isoamyl acetate which is mostly used in banana flavoring [74], flour [75], and banana oil (amyl acetate) [8].”
From Potential Valorization of Banana Production Waste in Developing Countries: Bio-Engineering Aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [72]
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“The peel is also a notable source of pectin [72], saponins, sterols, triter-penes ( β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, cycloeucalenol, cycloartenol, 24-methylene cycloartanol) [73], aromas like isoamyl acetate which is mostly used in banana flavoring [74], flour [75], and banana oil (amyl…”
- Authors
- Oliveira, T. Í. S., Rosa, M. F., Cavalcante, F. L., Pereira, P. H. F., Moates, G. K., Wellner, N., Mazzetto, S. E., Waldron, K. W., & Azeredo, H. M. C.
- Affiliations
- Norwich Research Park (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Azeredo, Henriette M.C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 198
- Pages
- 113-118
- ISSN
- 0308-8146 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1147565337
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 21.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- BBSRC
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Keywords
- pectin extraction, banana peel, citric acid, galacturonic acid, degree of methoxylation, extraction yield, extraction temperature, pH, extraction time
- MeSH terms
- Pectins, Polysaccharides, Citric Acid, Musa
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