Does responsible investing pay during economic downturns: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
We investigate the performance of SRI/ESG investments against conventional investments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although previous studies have examined the performance of SRI during financial crises, little is known about their performance during the COVID-19 crisis. Applying asset-pricing models, we analyze returns, abnormal returns, and the Sharpe ratio of the ESG ETFs in the US and the MSCI SRI indices for the world, the US, Japan, and Europe before and during the pandemic period vis-à-vis conventional investments. Our results confirm the greater outperformance of SRI indices during the pandemic. These findings have academic and practical implications.
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The performance results appear limited to active sustainable funds, not passive sustainable funds.
“These results are noteworthy because they seem limited to only active sustainable funds.”
From Sustainable mutual fund performance and flow in the recent years through the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Omura, Roca, and Nakai (2021)
The Empirical results section reports superior performance for MSCI SRI indices, while the ESG ETFs failed to outperform their benchmarks. The paper does not identify active sustainable funds as the sole source of its positive results; its positive findings concern indices, not active funds. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther papers find that sustainable ETFs and index funds do not perform well during the early part of the pandemic.
“Other papers find that sustainable ETFs and index funds do not perform well during the early part of the pandemic (Omura et al., 2021 and Pavlova & de Boyrie, 2022).”
From Sustainable mutual fund performance and flow in the recent years through the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Omura et al., 2021
The Introduction and Conclusion report that ESG ETFs did not outperform their benchmarks during the pandemic, supporting the ETF portion of the claim. But the same passages say SRI indices outperformed conventional indices during that period; the paper does not find poor performance for both categories. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOmura et al. (2021) find no superior performance of sustainable exchange-traded funds compared to benchmark indices.
“Omura, Roca, and Nakai (2021) don't find any superior performance of sustainable exchange-traded funds (ETF) compared to the benchmark indices.”
From Sustainable mutual fund performance and flow in the recent years through the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Omura, Roca, and Nakai (2021)
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Qoyum, A., Hashfi, R. U. A., Hanafi, M. M., Thaker, H. M. T., & Effendi, J. (2024) · Journal of Islamic accounting and business research · doi:10.1108/jiabr-03-2023-0113 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Sharma, I., Bumba, M., Verma, B., & Verma, B. (2024) · Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal · doi:10.14453/aabfj.v18i3.05 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Revisión de la Literatura sobre el Rendimiento de la Inversión ESG: Un Estudio Bibliométrico
Citalán, R. E. M., Tinoco, J. D., & Castro, A. M. (2024) · Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas · doi:10.21919/remef.v20i1.1210 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gyönyör, L. S., & Horváth, M. (2024) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102230 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mounir, H., & Ali, H. (2022) · Management & Sustainability An Arab Review · doi:10.1108/msar-10-2022-0047 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Does Socially Responsible Investing Outperform Conventional Investing? A Cross-Country Perspective
Hasan, I., Singh, S., & Kashiramka, S. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Financial Markets · doi:10.1007/s10690-024-09489-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Goyal, P., & Soni, P. (2024) · South Asian Journal of Business Studies · doi:10.1108/sajbs-11-2023-0409 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hamou, O., Oudgou, M., & Boudhar, A. (2025) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm18070370 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Does commitment to environment and society pays? Evidence from COVID-19 impact on stock volatility
Sharma, N., Kaur, A., & Rawat, S. (2022) · Vilakshan – XIMB Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/xjm-08-2021-0213 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
ESG vs conventional indices: Comparing efficiency in the Ukrainian stock market
Plastun, A., Макаренко, І. О., Huliaieva, L., Гузенко, Т., & Shalyhina, I. (2023) · Investment Management and Financial Innovations · doi:10.21511/imfi.20(2).2023.01 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Environmental, Social, and Governance Index in India
Babu, M., Lourdesraj, A. A., Hariharan, C., Gayathri, J., Butani, C. S. K., & Kathiravan, C. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1057/1/012017 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mapping the Intellectual Landscape of ESG : A Bibliometric and Thematic Approach
Phore, J., Kumar, A. R., Bharti, Deepa, Ahuja, S., & Soti, N. (2025) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.70331 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Thaker, H. M. T., Dharmendra, A. M., Wong, S. W., Hosen, M., & Hesary, F. T. (2023) · Journal of Climate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jclimf.2023.100011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Herding behavior by socially responsible investors during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lobato, M., Rodríguez, J., & Romero, H. (2023) · Review of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1108/rbf-04-2023-0101 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
What explains the size of Sovereign Wealth Funds? A panel analysis (2008–2018)
Balestra, A., Caruso, R., & Domizio, M. D. (2024) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2024.105200 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jonwall, R., Gupta, S., & Pahuja, S. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Financial Markets · doi:10.1007/s10690-024-09460-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Financial returns of going green: evidence from MSCI indices
Heldmann, J., Bruckner, T. M., & Dang, H. D. (2025) · Journal of Asset Management · doi:10.1057/s41260-025-00404-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Socially conscious investments: a structured literature review and prospective insights
Shah, A., Unny, B., & Shome, S. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-07-2023-0323 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yadav, S., Jawa, R., & Zamani, K. (2022) · International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research · doi:10.29121/ijetmr.v9.i4.2022.1137 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The impact of green bonds on issuers' environmental performance
Chen, Y., Erlwein‐Sayer, C., Mamon, R. S., Spagnolo, F., & Spagnolo, N. (2026) · Quantitative Finance · doi:10.1080/14697688.2026.2641012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
ESG Equity Investing: A Short SurveyPreprint
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Dynamic linkage between environmental segments of stock markets: the role of global risk factors
Gabriel, V. M. D. S., de Almeida, D. M. F., Dionísio, A., & Ferreira, P. (2024) · Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment · doi:10.1080/20430795.2024.2344525 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Global ESG fund evolution-an analysis of sustainable investment growth through comparison
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Does sustainability affect performance and systematic risk of IPO-focused mutual funds?
Kammoun, M., & Bouden, H. M. (2025) · Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment · doi:10.1080/20430795.2025.2460815 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Reasoning of a Responsible Investment Position in the Structure of the Stock Exchange Market
Воронцова, А., Plastun, A., Filatova, H., Kostenko, E., & Dzhobava, E. (2021) · European Journal of Management Issues · doi:10.15421/192122 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fear and Greed Amid Market Turmoil : Impact on Stock Markets, ESG Assets, and Green Fintech
Elbayar, M., Mezghani, T., & Abbes, M. B. (2025) · Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies · doi:10.1080/14765284.2025.2492919 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Performance and investment styles of green mutual funds: a cross-country analysis
Jindal, L. (2025) · Journal of Asset Management · doi:10.1057/s41260-025-00403-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does CSR matter in times of crisis? Evidence from the Nordic stock market response to COVID-19
Khatri, I. (2025) · Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment · doi:10.1080/20430795.2025.2571515 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tenorio‐Salgueiro, S., Salgueiro, A. M., Lado‐Sestayo, R., & Búa, M. V. (2025) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.70309 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analysis of Stock Market Reaction in Malaysia During Covid-19 Pandemic via ARIMA
Rosli, N. A. I. M., Saruchi, S. A., Tajuddin, N. I. I., Ulaganathan, P., Singh, G. S. A., & Yunus, N. A. (2023) · Mekatronika · doi:10.15282/mekatronika.v5i1.9027 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Are sustainable firms more innovative? The case of China
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Self-citationThe performance of anti-ESG ETFs in the United States
Rompotis, G. G. (2024) · Journal of Asset Management · doi:10.1057/s41260-024-00381-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social conscious investment: analysis of the impact of COVID-19 based on ETF
Nehrey, M., & Тараненко, А. (2021) · Bulletin of V N Karazin Kharkiv National University Economic Series · doi:10.26565/2311-2379-2021-101-01 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EARNING DOWNSIDE RISK AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ESG PERFORMANCE IN THE PRIMARY ECONOMIC SECTOR
Bakar, N. A., Remli, N., Arifin, J., & Roslan, F. (2025) · International Journal of Business and Society · doi:10.33736/ijbs.7882.2025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assessing risk and loss aversion: COVID-19 and investor behavior in the Polish stock market
Łukowski, M., Śliwiński, P. P., Gemra, K., & Maruszewski, J. (2025) · Central European Management Journal · doi:10.1108/cemj-02-2024-0047 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Omura, A., Roca, E., & Nakai, M.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Fukui Prefectural University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Omura, Akihiro
- Venue
- Finance Research Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 42
- Pages
- 101914
- ISSN
- 1544-6123 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9760375
- OpenAlex
- W3113640123
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 16.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Finance research letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Griffith University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Sustainable Finance and Green Bonds
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
- Keywords
- socially responsible investment, ESG investing, COVID-19 pandemic, economic downturn, abnormal returns, Sharpe ratio, asset pricing, financial crisis
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